A carbohydrate-restricted diet alters gut peptides and adiposity signals in men and women with metabolic syndrome.

Abstract

Carbohydrate-restricted diets have been shown to enhance satiation- and other homeostatic-signaling pathways controlling food intake and energy balance, which may serve to reduce the incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. This study was designed as a correlational, observational investigation of the effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on weight loss and body fat reduction and associated changes in circulating leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations in overweight/obese patients (4 men and 16 women) with metabolic syndrome. Subjects received clinical instruction on the initiation and maintenance of the commercial South Beach Diet, consisting of 2 phases: Phase I (initial 2 wk of the study) and Phase II (remaining 10 wk). Participants showed a decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight (93.5 +/- 3.6 kg vs. 88.3 +/- 3.4 kg), BMI (33.9 +/- 1.3 kg/m(2) vs. 32.0 +/- 1.3 kg/m(2)), waist circumference (112.8 +/- 2.8 cm vs. 107.7 +/- 3.0 cm), and total percent body fat (40.2 +/- 1.5% vs. 39.2 +/- 1.5%) by study completion. Plasma fasting insulin and leptin concentrations decreased significantly from baseline concentrations (139.1 +/- 12.2 pmol/L and 44.1 +/- 4.5 microg/L, respectively) by the end of Phase I (98.6 +/- 2.6 pmol/L and 33.3 +/- 4.1 microg/L, respectively). Plasma fasting ghrelin concentrations significantly increased from baseline (836.7 +/- 66.7 ng/L) by Phase II (939.9 +/- 56.8 ng/L). The postprandial increase in plasma CCK concentrations (difference in plasma CCK concentrations from fasting to postprandial) after Phase I (2.4 +/- 0.3 pmol/L) and Phase II (2.5 +/- 0.4 pmol/L) was significantly greater than the postprandial increase at baseline (1.1 +/- 0.5 pmol/L). Collectively, these results suggest that in patients with metabolic syndrome, improved adiposity signaling and increased postprandial CCK concentrations may act together as a possible compensatory control mechanism to maintain low intakes and facilitate weight loss, despite an increase in fasting ghrelin concentrations and subjective measures of hunger.

• Authors: Matthew R Hayes, Carla K Miller, Jan S Ulbrecht, Joanna L Mauger, Lynn Parker-Klees, Melissa Davis Gutschall, Diane C Mitchell, Helen Smiciklas-Wright, Mihai Covasa
• Journal: The Journal of nutrition (J Nutr) Vol. 137 Issue 8 Pg. 1944-50 (Aug 2007) ISSN: 0022-3166 [Print] United States
• PMID: 17634268 (Publication Type: Clinical Trial, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural)

Chemical References

• Dietary Carbohydrates
• Dietary Proteins
• Ghrelin
• Insulin
• Leptin
• Peptide Hormones
• Peptides

Topics

• Adiposity (physiology)
• Adult
• Diet
• Dietary Carbohydrates (pharmacology)
• Dietary Proteins
• Eating (physiology)
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Tract (metabolism)
• Ghrelin
• Humans
• Insulin (blood)
• Leptin (blood)
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
• Peptide Hormones (blood)
• Peptides (metabolism)
• Signal Transduction (physiology)
• Weight Loss