Cystinuria is a hereditary disorder caused by a defect in the apical membrane transport system for
cystine and
dibasic amino acids in renal proximal tubules and intestine, resulting in recurrent
urolithiasis. Mutations in SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes, that codify for rBAT/b(0,+)AT transporter subunits, cause type A and B
cystinuria, respectively. In humans,
cystinuria treatment is based on the prevention of
calculi formation and its dissolution or breakage. Persistent
calculi are treated with
thiols [i.e.,
d-penicillamine (DP) and
mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG)] for
cystine solubilization. We have developed a new protocol with DP to validate our Slc7a9 knockout mouse model for the study of the
therapeutic effect of drugs in the treatment of
cystine lithiasis. We performed a 5-wk treatment of individually caged lithiasic mutant mice with a previously tested DP dose. To appraise the evolution of
lithiasis throughout the treatment a noninvasive indirect method of
calculi quantification was developed:
calculi mass was quantified by densitometry of X-ray images from cystinuric mice before and
after treatment. Urine was collected in metabolic cage experiments to quantify
amino acids in DP-treated and nontreated, nonlithiasic mutant mice. We found significant differences between DP-treated and nontreated knockout mice in
calculi size and in urinary
cystine excretion. Histopathological analysis showed that globally nontreated mutant mice had more severe and diffuse urinary system damage than DP-treated mice. Our results validate the use of this mouse model for testing the efficacy of potential new drugs against
cystinuria.