Kidney proximal tubules develop a severe but highly reversible energetic deficit due to nonesterified
fatty acid (
NEFA)-induced dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) during reoxygenation after severe
hypoxia. To assess the mechanism for this behavior, we have compared the efficacies of different
NEFA for inducing mitochondrial deenergization in permeabilized tubules measured using
safranin O uptake and studied the modification of
NEFA-induced deenergization by inhibitors of the
ADP/ATP carrier and
glutamate using both normoxic tubules treated with exogenous
NEFA and tubules deenergized during
hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R). Among the long-chain
NEFA that accumulate during H/R of isolated tubules and
ischemia-reperfusion of the kidney in vivo,
oleate,
linoleate, and arachidonate had strong effects to dissipate DeltaPsi(m) that were slightly greater than
palmitate, while
stearate was inactive at concentrations reached in the cells. This behavior correlates well with the protonophoric effects of each
NEFA. Inhibition of the
ADP/ATP carrier with either
carboxyatractyloside or
bongkrekic acid or addition of
glutamate to compete for the
aspartate/glutamate carrier improved DeltaPsi(m) in the presence of exogenous
oleate and after H/R. Effects on the two carriers were additive and restored
safranin O uptake to as much as 80% of normal under both conditions. The data strongly support
NEFA cycling across the inner mitochondrial membrane using
anion carriers as the main mechanism for
NEFA-induced deenergization in this system and provide the first evidence for a contribution of this process to pathophysiological events that impact importantly on energetics of intact cells.