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The impact of sex and subtypes on cognitive and psychosocial aspects of ADHD.

Abstract
We compared the effect of sex and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtyping in groups of females and males. One hundred and one females with ADHD (mean age 10y 4mo [SD 2y 8mo]; range 5y-18y) were classified according to subtype by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) criteria (inattentive [ADHD-I]; combined [ADHD-C]) and balanced by subtype to 101 males (mean age 10y 5mo [SD 2y 9mo]; range 5y 4mo-17y 6mo). All children underwent IQ and reading assessment, and 109 underwent the continuous performance task (Test Of Variables of Attention [TOVA]). Parents completed the Conners' Abbreviated Rating Scale (ABRS), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), learning disability questionnaires, and reported use and efficacy of methylphenidate. Teachers completed the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP) rating scale. Sex differences were found only on the CBCL; females were more impaired on the attention (p<0.001) and somatization (p=0.028) subscales but not for IQ, other questionnaires, TOVA scores, methylphenidate treatment, or demographics. Females with ADHD-C, but not males, had significantly higher T-scores than females with ADHD-I on social, attention, delinquent, and aggressive behaviours. Regardless of sex, children with ADHD-C had higher scores on all CBCL subscales (p=0.047), ABRS (p<0.001), and SKAMP (p=0.03) than children with ADHD-I. The results support the supposition that ADHD in females is the same disorder as in males. ADHD subtyping was the important determinant of ADHD core symptoms; females with ADHD were found to have significant risk of psychopathology.
AuthorsVarda Gross-Tsur, Gil Goldzweig, Yael E Landau, Itai Berger, Dorit Shmueli, Ruth S Shalev
JournalDevelopmental medicine and child neurology (Dev Med Child Neurol) Vol. 48 Issue 11 Pg. 901-5 (Nov 2006) ISSN: 0012-1622 [Print] England
PMID17044958 (Publication Type: Comparative Study, Journal Article)
Topics
  • Adolescent
  • Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (classification, psychology)
  • Body Size
  • Child
  • Child Behavior (psychology)
  • Child, Preschool
  • Cognition
  • Educational Status
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Intelligence
  • Israel
  • Male
  • Psychological Tests
  • Sex Factors

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