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Overactivation of S6 kinase 1 as a cause of human insulin resistance during increased amino acid availability.

Abstract
To examine the molecular mechanisms by which plasma amino acid elevation impairs insulin action, we studied seven healthy men twice in random order during infusion of an amino acid mixture or saline (total plasma amino acid approximately 6 vs. approximately 2 mmol/l). Somatostatin-insulin-glucose clamps created conditions of low peripheral hyperinsulinemia ( approximately 100 pmol/l, 0-180 min) and prandial-like peripheral hyperinsulinemia ( approximately 430 pmol/l, 180-360 min). At low peripheral hyperinsulinemia, endogenous glucose production (EGP) did not change during amino acid infusion but decreased by approximately 70% during saline infusion (EGP(150-180 min) 11 +/- 1 vs. 3 +/- 1 mumol . kg(-1) . min(-1), P = 0.001). Prandial-like peripheral hyperinsulinemia completely suppressed EGP during both protocols, whereas whole-body rate of glucose disappearance (R(d)) was approximately 33% lower during amino acid infusion (R(d) (330-360 min) 50 +/- 4 vs. 75 +/- 6 mumol . kg(-1) . min(-1), P = 0.002) indicating insulin resistance. In skeletal muscle biopsies taken before and after prandial-like peripheral hyperinsulinemia, plasma amino acid elevation markedly increased the ability of insulin to activate S6 kinase 1 compared with saline infusion ( approximately 3.7- vs. approximately 1.9-fold over baseline). Furthermore, amino acid infusion increased the inhibitory insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation at Ser312 and Ser636/639 and decreased insulin-induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity. However, plasma amino acid elevation failed to reduce insulin-induced Akt/protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha phosphorylation. In conclusion, amino acids impair 1) insulin-mediated suppression of glucose production and 2) insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that overactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin/S6 kinase 1 pathway and inhibitory serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 underlie the impairment of insulin action in amino acid-infused humans.
AuthorsFrédéric Tremblay, Michael Krebs, Luce Dombrowski, Attila Brehm, Elisabeth Bernroider, Erich Roth, Peter Nowotny, Werner Waldhäusl, André Marette, Michael Roden
JournalDiabetes (Diabetes) Vol. 54 Issue 9 Pg. 2674-84 (Sep 2005) ISSN: 0012-1797 [Print] United States
PMID16123357 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Chemical References
  • Amino Acids
  • Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa
  • ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kD, polypeptide 1
  • Glucose
Topics
  • Adult
  • Amino Acids (administration & dosage, blood, metabolism)
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Enzyme Activation (physiology)
  • Glucose (metabolism)
  • Humans
  • Insulin Resistance (physiology)
  • Male
  • Muscle, Skeletal (cytology)
  • Phosphorylation
  • Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa (metabolism)

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