Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome due to cyanamide associated with multiple reactivation of human herpesviruses.

Abstract

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), characterized by serious adverse systemic reactions in addition to skin rash, has unknown pathogenesis. Its association with human herpesvirus (HHV), mainly HHV-6, has been reported recently. A 46-year-old Japanese man is described in whom a generalized eruption developed about 1 month after taking cyanamide, a drug for alcoholism. This was associated with the following manifestations: high fever, lymphadenopathy, facial edema, marked leukocytosis with eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytes, lymphocytopenia, liver and renal dysfunction, and low IgG level. He was treated with 8 mg betamethasone daily and his condition improved, but he needed low-dose corticosteroid for almost 1 year because of several episodes of recurrence. HHV-6, HHV-7, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific IgG titers showed more than a four-fold rise sequentially. Significant numbers of copies of HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA were detected in the peripheral white blood cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HHV-6 and CMV DNA were detected in the serum by nested PCR. A patch test for cyanamide was positive. The diagnosis of DIHS due to cyanamide, which has never been reported as a causal drug of DIHS, accompanied by reactivation of not only HHV-6, but also HHV-7, CMV, and HSV, was made. Disturbance of the immune system was suggested by the persistent low level of IgG, and consecutive viral reactivation may have participated in the prolonged course in this case.

• Authors: Naoko Mitani, Michiko Aihara, Yuko Yamakawa, Masako Yamada, Norihiko Itoh, Nobuhisa Mizuki, Zenro Ikezawa
• Journal: Journal of medical virology (J Med Virol) Vol. 75 Issue 3 Pg. 430-4 (Mar 2005) ISSN: 0146-6615 [Print] United States
• PMID: 15648066 (Publication Type: Case Reports, Journal Article)
• Copyright: 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Chemical References

• Anti-Inflammatory Agents
• Antibodies, Viral
• DNA, Viral
• Immunoglobulin G
• Cyanamide
• Betamethasone

Topics

• Agammaglobulinemia
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents (pharmacology, therapeutic use)
• Antibodies, Viral (blood)
• Betamethasone (pharmacology, therapeutic use)
• Cyanamide (adverse effects)
• Cytomegalovirus (isolation & purification)
• DNA, Viral (blood)
• Drug Hypersensitivity (complications, etiology)
• Herpesviridae (growth & development)
• Herpesviridae Infections (etiology, virology)
• Herpesvirus 6, Human (isolation & purification)
• Herpesvirus 7, Human (isolation & purification)
• Humans
• Immunoglobulin G (blood)
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Patch Tests
• Virus Activation