The
antihypertensive drug classes that have reduced cardiovascular events safely either in large placebo-controlled trials or in comparison with other effective
antihypertensive drugs in large morbidity trials are
diuretics, beta-blockers,
angiotensin-converting enzyme (
ACE) inhibitors,
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and
calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Although control of blood pressure (BP) is a primary goal of
therapy, evidence from several clinical trials suggests that certain
antihypertensive agents provide clinical benefits independent of their effect on BP. In the recently reported
Antihypertensive and
Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent
Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), an
ACE inhibitor, a CCB, and an alpha-blocker reduced coronary events and mortality to a similar extent as a
thiazide-type
diuretic, but the
diuretic reduced one or more major cardiovascular events, especially
heart failure, more than the other agents. In the
Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in
hypertension (LIFE) trial, the ARB
losartan reduced cardiovascular morbidity (primarily
stroke) more than the beta-blocker
atenolol. Although an ARB has not yet been compared with a
diuretic in a morbidity trial, as most patients require more than one
drug to control BP, and a
diuretic plus an ARB is a very effective and well-tolerated combination, this uncertainty applies to a minority of patients. A primary goal in treating
hypertension should be to reach a patient's goal BP, but initial selection of drugs based on
hypertension morbidity study results and other compelling indications should be given priority.