Plagiocephaly

The condition characterized by uneven or irregular shape of the head often in parallelogram shape with a flat spot on the back or one side of the head. It can either result from the premature CRANIAL SUTURE closure (CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS) or from external forces (NONSYNOSTOTIC PLAGIOCEPHALY).

Also Known As:

Plagiocephalies

Networked: 145 relevant articles (8 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Synostosis
2.	Craniosynostoses (Craniosynostosis)
3.	Nonsynostotic Plagiocephaly
4.	Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
5.	Torticollis (Wryneck)

Experts

1.	Di Rocco, Concezio: 4 articles (12/2016 - 09/2011)
2.	Arnaud, Eric: 3 articles (05/2016 - 03/2009)
3.	Rogers, Gary F: 3 articles (05/2014 - 09/2002)
4.	Losee, Joseph E: 3 articles (01/2011 - 12/2005)
5.	Mooney, Mark P: 3 articles (05/2007 - 01/2002)
6.	Duncan, Christian: 2 articles (01/2021 - 03/2009)
7.	Richardson, David: 2 articles (01/2021 - 03/2009)
8.	Bartlett, Scott P: 2 articles (09/2020 - 12/2005)
9.	Steinbok, Paul: 2 articles (01/2020 - 10/2009)
10.	Massimi, Luca: 2 articles (12/2016 - 09/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Plagiocephaly:

1.	Transforming Growth Factors (Transforming Growth Factor)IBA 05/01/2012 - "In this study, we examined transforming growth factor (TGF) βs immunostaining from coronal sutures in patients with plagiocephaly. " 07/01/1997 - "Elevated levels of transforming growth factors beta 2 and beta 3 in lambdoid sutures from children with persistent plagiocephaly."
2.	ElementsIBA 10/01/2021 - "The aim of this study was to show the displacements and strain induced by the supraorbital band advancement during a craniofacial surgery for an anterior plagiocephaly on the orbital bones and the orbital content thanks to a numerical surgical simulation using the finite element method. " 10/01/2021 - "This pediatric Finite-Element Model of both orbits of a child with an anterior plagiocephaly showed the impact of the fronto-orbital advancement on the oculomotor system. " 10/01/2021 - "A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of a child with an anterior plagiocephaly was entirely created from a tomodensitometry of a patient followed by our Craniofacial Pediatric team. " 10/01/2021 - "Impact of the Craniofacial Surgery Simulation in Anterior Plagiocephaly on Orbits and Oculomotor Muscles: Biomechanical Analysis With a Finite Element Model."
3.	PlasticsIBA 11/01/2012 - "To sum up three types of plastic procedures for frontal plagiocephaly Based on the principle of floating forehead, the plagiocephaly (unilateral coronal synostosis). " 04/02/1999 - "10 infants with significant deformational plagiocephaly were treated with individual plastic helmets during the past 2 years and 4 other infants with plagiocephaly are currently being treated. " 10/01/2019 - "Pediatric plastic surgical clinic visits at a tertiary care facility with the following diagnoses were studied: skin lacerations, skin lesions, and plagiocephaly. "
4.	Type 3 Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3)IBA 04/01/1998 - "To determine whether the autosomal dominant fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) Pro250Arg mutation causes anterior plagiocephaly, patients with either apparently sporadic unicoronal synostosis (N = 37) or other forms of anterior plagiocephaly (N = 10) were studied for this mutation. "
5.	Therapeutic UsesIBA 10/01/2017 - "To investigate the possible causes of plagiocephaly in infants and the therapeutic effect of postural correction training on plagiocephaly. "
6.	Activin Receptors (Activin Receptor)IBA 07/15/2001 - "This overview of asymmetry addresses the following topics: chiral molecules; asymmetric signaling molecules, including N-cadherin, Shh, Fgf8, lefty1, lefty2, nodal, Pitx2, activin betaB, activin receptor IIA, and cSnR; situs abnormalities; asymmetric cell division; laterality in humans and animals; behavioral asymmetry in humans and animals; asymmetric embryopathies, including Tessier-type "clefts"; hemiasymmetries such as hemihyperplasia, hemihypoplasia, and hemiatrophy; asymmetric vascular syndromes, including Klippel-Trenaunay and Sturge-Weber syndromes; plagiocephaly of the synostotic and deformational types; somatic mosaicism, including a discussion of McCune-Albright syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, GNAS1 mutations, and Proteus syndrome."
7.	Activins (Activin)IBA 07/15/2001 - "This overview of asymmetry addresses the following topics: chiral molecules; asymmetric signaling molecules, including N-cadherin, Shh, Fgf8, lefty1, lefty2, nodal, Pitx2, activin betaB, activin receptor IIA, and cSnR; situs abnormalities; asymmetric cell division; laterality in humans and animals; behavioral asymmetry in humans and animals; asymmetric embryopathies, including Tessier-type "clefts"; hemiasymmetries such as hemihyperplasia, hemihypoplasia, and hemiatrophy; asymmetric vascular syndromes, including Klippel-Trenaunay and Sturge-Weber syndromes; plagiocephaly of the synostotic and deformational types; somatic mosaicism, including a discussion of McCune-Albright syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, GNAS1 mutations, and Proteus syndrome."
8.	Methylmethacrylate (Metaplex)IBA 06/01/2016 - "Cranioplasty with Methylmethacrylate in Plagiocephaly."
9.	Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor)IBA 05/01/1997 - "The unusual finding of plagiocephaly in these Crouzon patients may either be the result of the type of mutation or because of genetic and environmental factors that affect the phenotype in addition to the mutated FGF receptor."
10.	Cadherins (E-Cadherin)IBA 07/15/2001 - "This overview of asymmetry addresses the following topics: chiral molecules; asymmetric signaling molecules, including N-cadherin, Shh, Fgf8, lefty1, lefty2, nodal, Pitx2, activin betaB, activin receptor IIA, and cSnR; situs abnormalities; asymmetric cell division; laterality in humans and animals; behavioral asymmetry in humans and animals; asymmetric embryopathies, including Tessier-type "clefts"; hemiasymmetries such as hemihyperplasia, hemihypoplasia, and hemiatrophy; asymmetric vascular syndromes, including Klippel-Trenaunay and Sturge-Weber syndromes; plagiocephaly of the synostotic and deformational types; somatic mosaicism, including a discussion of McCune-Albright syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, GNAS1 mutations, and Proteus syndrome."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 05/01/2007 - "As in other studies, cranial molding helmet therapy was more effective in correcting nonsynostotic occipital plagiocephaly than repositioning alone." 01/01/2013 - "At the conclusion of therapy, all groups had improved calvarial symmetry, albeit less completely in groups 6 and 7. The correction rate of plagiocephaly with helmet therapy decreases with increasing infant age; after 32 weeks, there is a slow and relatively constant rate of change. " 07/07/2023 - "In cases of moderate or severe plagiocephaly, helmet therapy can be an effective second-line intervention; however, the best way to prevent this condition is through counseling of parents or caregivers, and early treatment is essential for optimal therapeutic outcomes. " 08/11/2021 - "Natural-Course Evaluation of Infants with Positional Severe Plagiocephaly Using a Three-Dimensional Scanner in Japan: Comparison with Those Who Received Cranial Helmet Therapy." 09/01/2020 - "Parents of children with physical disabilities were 6 times as likely as other participants to choose helmet therapy for mild plagiocephaly (corrected-P = 0.036). "
2.	Sutures (Suture) 01/01/2018 - "Hemicoronal and metopic suture distraction in anterior plagiocephaly achieves considerable improvement in the midline shift of the anterior cranial base and naso-orbital complex." 05/01/2016 - "The aim of this investigation was to study the anatomical relationship between the SSS and the sagittal suture in children with anterior plagiocephaly. " 03/01/1994 - "The study reports on nine patients who presented with unilateral posterior plagiocephaly and who were found to have open lambdoid sutures, but a stenosed region of the asterion. " 12/01/2021 - "Sutures ultrasound: useful diagnostic screening for posterior plagiocephaly." 01/01/2021 - "Unilateral synostotic frontal plagiocephaly is most commonly due to a premature fusion of the frontoparietal suture. "
3.	Musculoskeletal Manipulations (Manipulative Therapy) 01/01/2022 - "The aim of this study was to document the evolution of cranial asymmetries in infants with signs of nonsynostotic occipital plagiocephaly (NSOP) who underwent to many functional manual therapy treatments (in addition to the standard positioning recommendations); as well as to determine the feasibility of this methodology to conduct outcome research investigating the impact of this intervention for infants with NSOP. " 11/01/2021 - "Future clinical trials assessing the effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy in the treatment and management of restricted cervical PROM and plagiocephaly in infants are needed." 07/07/2023 - "Physical therapy treatment is considered as the first line of intervention in plagiocephaly with non-synostotic asymmetries and manual therapy is the method that obtains the best results within this intervention. " 03/26/2005 - "To establish the effects of manual therapy, chiropractic, or osteopathic treatment of the KISS-syndrome (kinetic imbalance due to suboccipital strain) in infants with positional preference, plagiocephaly, and colic. "
4.	Orthotic Devices (Orthosis) 11/01/1997 - "Patients with nonsynostotic occipital plagiocephaly have been treated surgically or with cranial remodeling orthotic devices and have shown improvement in asymmetry. " 06/01/2021 - "Updating norms could change the definition of plagiocephaly for a helmet orthosis." 10/01/2018 - "Medical charts were reviewed for 82 infants treated for plagiocephaly with cranial-molding orthoses in our clinic from April 2012 to July 2016 retrospectively. " 10/01/2018 - "Parents' Perspectives and Clinical Effectiveness of Cranial-Molding Orthoses in Infants With Plagiocephaly." 11/01/2013 - "This article presents a prospective observational study of 45 infants enrolled with distinct plagiocephaly and treated with a custom-made helmet orthosis. "
5.	Physical Therapy Modalities (Physical Therapy Technique) 07/07/2023 - "Physical therapy treatment is considered as the first line of intervention in plagiocephaly with non-synostotic asymmetries and manual therapy is the method that obtains the best results within this intervention. " 01/01/2005 - "Patients whose pathology does not resolve after 12 months of physical therapy or who develop facial asymmetry or plagiocephaly during the follow-up period should be operated on in order to achieve the best cosmetic result. " 09/01/2014 - "Multiple logistic regression analysis resulted in the identification of several significant predictors for a poor response to pediatric physical therapy at baseline: starting therapy after 3 months of age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.50, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=1.04-2.17), skull deformation (plagiocephaly [aOR=2.64, 95% CI=1.67-4.17] or brachycephaly [aOR=3.07, 95% CI=2.09-4.52]), and a low parental satisfaction score (aOR=2.64, 95% CI=1.67-4.17). " 03/01/2017 - "Families were less likely to be adherent if they had Medicaid, a child with a diagnosis of brachycephaly, or were initially recommended for cranial orthosis therapy than families with commercial insurance, a child with a diagnosis of plagiocephaly, or an initial recommendation for repositioning or physical therapy. "