Pythiosis

A granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism PYTHIUM insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. It is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial.

Networked: 58 relevant articles (6 outcomes, 12 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Thalassemia
3.	Communicable Diseases (Infectious Diseases)
4.	False Aneurysm (Pseudoaneurysm)
5.	beta-Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)

Experts

1.	Mendoza, Leonel: 11 articles (01/2015 - 05/2003)
2.	Krajaejun, Theerapong: 7 articles (07/2013 - 05/2006)
3.	Santurio, Janio Morais: 6 articles (08/2013 - 11/2007)
4.	Alves, Sydney Hartz: 6 articles (08/2013 - 11/2007)
5.	Santurio, Janio M: 5 articles (01/2015 - 05/2009)
6.	Chaiprasert, Angkana: 5 articles (05/2013 - 09/2004)
7.	Vanittanakom, Nongnuch: 5 articles (08/2009 - 09/2004)
8.	Pereira, Daniela I B: 4 articles (08/2015 - 05/2009)
9.	Chindamporn, Ariya: 4 articles (01/2015 - 05/2006)
10.	Alves, Sydney H: 4 articles (01/2015 - 05/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pythiosis:

1.	AntigensIBA 08/01/2009 - "The present study provided evidence that the 40 to 35-kDa antigens were reactive specifically with all sera from both treated and active pythiosis patients. " 05/01/2006 - "Therefore, the 74-kDa antigen is a potential target for developing rapid serodiagnostic tests as well as a therapeutic vaccine for pythiosis. " 05/01/2006 - "Identification of a novel 74-kiloDalton immunodominant antigen of Pythium insidiosum recognized by sera from human patients with pythiosis." 09/09/2004 - "insidiosum-antigen (PIA) formulation had already saved a young boy with life-threatening arterial pythiosis. " 11/01/1997 - "Because of the increased recognition of pythiosis among humans and animals, we developed and evaluated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a soluble antigen from broken hyphae of P. "
2.	Amphotericin B (Amphotericin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2012 - "To evaluate the effects of intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) administration of amphotericin B in horses to treat pythiosis after surgical excision and thermocautery. " 08/01/2012 - "Treatment of pythiosis in equine limbs using intravenous regional perfusion of amphotericin B." 06/01/1983 - "Five horses with pythiosis of the limbs were treated unsuccessfully by surgery or topical application of amphotericin B, or both. " 08/01/2012 - "IRLP administration of amphotericin B was effective for treating pythiosis in equine limbs, resolving infection with manageable side effects." 01/01/2015 - "This study aims to evaluate the effects of administering amphotericin B in a 10 % solution of dimethylsulfoxide by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) to treat horses for cutaneous pythiosis of a limb. "
3.	Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "This study aims to evaluate the effects of administering amphotericin B in a 10 % solution of dimethylsulfoxide by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) to treat horses for cutaneous pythiosis of a limb. " 01/01/2015 - "Evaluation of intravenous regional perfusion with amphotericin B and dimethylsulfoxide to treat horses for pythiosis of a limb." 01/01/2015 - "IRLP administration of amphotericin B in a 10 % DMSO solution was easily performed, relatively inexpensive and an effective treatment for treating horses for pythiosis of a limb and resolved the infection with no complications."
4.	mefenoxamIBA 07/01/2011 - "Additional studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of mefenoxam and to further assess its tolerability and potential efficacy for the treatment of pythiosis in dogs." 07/01/2011 - "The present report describes a case of canine gastrointestinal pythiosis in which lesions were resolved through the administration of itraconazole, terbinafine, and the agricultural fungicide mefenoxam. " 07/01/2011 - "Successful management of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog using itraconazole, terbinafine, and mefenoxam."
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 07/01/2009 - "Many systemic antibiotics or antimycotics have not been effective in the treatment of systemic pythiosis, and radical surgical removal of all infected tissue is the only method to ensure patient survival. " 07/01/2011 - "This significant in vitro activity makes these classes of antibiotics good candidates for experimental treatment of pythiosis." 01/01/2014 - "A variety of therapeutic modalities have been used to treat this disease, including antibiotics, antifungals, and immunotherapy, but the ultimate management of vascular pythiosis is surgical source control. "
6.	Collodion (Nitrocellulose)IBA 11/01/1992 - "After being transferred to nitrocellulose, the antigens were reacted against sera from six horses with pythiosis, sera from four horses cured a year earlier by vaccination, and sera from five healthy horses. "
7.	IronIBA 05/01/2013 - "Further studies are needed to investigate the immunomodulatory properties observed in this study and the benefits and drawbacks of using iron-chelating drugs as an adjuvant therapy in pythiosis." 03/23/2013 - "The data from this study corroborate the previous implications of iron in the pathogenesis of pythiosis in humans and animals." 05/01/2013 - "Human pythiosis frequently occurs in iron-overloaded thalassaemic patients and experimentally infected animals develop iron deficiency anaemia. " 04/23/2012 - "The comparison of the unsaturated iron binding capacity levels between animals with and without pythiosis suggested the involvement of iron metabolism in the pathogenesis of pythiosis. " 01/01/2015 - "We previously showed that the iron chelator deferasirox had weak activity in vitro and in rabbits with experimental pythiosis. "
8.	caspofungin (Cancidas)FDA Link 11/01/2007 - "The present study evaluated the susceptibility of 27 clinical isolates of Pythium insidiosum to caspofungin in vitro and correlated the results with the therapeutic response in vivo in rabbits with experimental pythiosis. " 05/01/2009 - "The combination of terbinafine plus caspofungin or terbinafine plus fluconazole may have significant therapeutic potential for treatment of pythiosis." 05/25/2012 - "The present study investigated the in vitro inhibitory activity of terbinafine, itraconazole, caspofungin, fluvastatin and ibuprofen against 15 isolates of Pythium insidiosum in double and triple combinations and determined in vivo correlations using rabbits with experimental pythiosis. "
9.	terbinafine (Lamisil)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2015 - "Histopathology and serology confirmed the diagnosis of pythiosis and medical treatment consisting of itraconazole and terbinafine was started postoperatively. " 08/01/2012 - "The dog was treated with 3 doses of a pythiosis vaccine beginning approximately 2 weeks after surgery and was continued on itraconazole and terbinafine for 5 months. " 08/01/2012 - "Pythiosis was initially treated medically with administration of itraconazole and terbinafine by mouth, but the colonic lesion was progressive with this regimen. " 07/01/2011 - "The present report describes a case of canine gastrointestinal pythiosis in which lesions were resolved through the administration of itraconazole, terbinafine, and the agricultural fungicide mefenoxam. " 07/01/2011 - "Successful management of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog using itraconazole, terbinafine, and mefenoxam."
10.	Itraconazole (Sporanox)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2015 - "Histopathology and serology confirmed the diagnosis of pythiosis and medical treatment consisting of itraconazole and terbinafine was started postoperatively. " 08/01/2012 - "The dog was treated with 3 doses of a pythiosis vaccine beginning approximately 2 weeks after surgery and was continued on itraconazole and terbinafine for 5 months. " 08/01/2012 - "Pythiosis was initially treated medically with administration of itraconazole and terbinafine by mouth, but the colonic lesion was progressive with this regimen. " 07/01/2011 - "The present report describes a case of canine gastrointestinal pythiosis in which lesions were resolved through the administration of itraconazole, terbinafine, and the agricultural fungicide mefenoxam. " 07/01/2011 - "Successful management of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog using itraconazole, terbinafine, and mefenoxam."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 07/01/2009 - "It is likely that immunotherapy, successfully used in animal pythiosis, may be beneficial in the treatment of human vascular pythiosis." 09/09/2004 - "Our findings provide further evidence that immunotherapy using PIA is a safe and effective method to treat pythiosis in humans." 10/01/2013 - "Canine gastrointestinal pythiosis treatment by combined antifungal and immunotherapy and review of published studies." 01/01/2015 - "The role of immunotherapy remains inconclusive for both vascular and ocular pythiosis." 01/01/2015 - "Treatment outcomes of surgery, antifungal therapy and immunotherapy in ocular and vascular human pythiosis: a retrospective study of 18 patients."
2.	Amputation 12/01/1999 - "The only dog to survive underwent amputation of the affected limb; thus, the prognosis for cutaneous pythiosis in the dog is poor." 09/01/2006 - "Regarding treatment outcomes, all patients with disseminated infection died; 78% of patients with vascular disease required limb amputation, and 40% of these patients died; and 79% of patients with ocular pythiosis required enucleation/evisceration. " 05/01/2006 - "Human pythiosis is endemic in Thailand, and most patients present with arteritis, leading to limb amputation and/or death, or cornea ulcer, leading to enucleation. "
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 01/01/2014 - "Here, we present a unique case of vascular pythiosis initially managed with limb-sparing vascular bypass grafts complicated by a pseudoaneurysm in our repair. "
4.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 02/01/2013 - "Photodynamic therapy for pythiosis."
5.	Pancreatectomy 11/01/2015 - "This report documents successful treatment of pyloric/duodenal pythiosis and the long-term (17 mo) consequences associated with the Billroth II, partial pancreatectomy, and biliary rerouting in the dog. "