Tungiasis

An infestation with the flea TUNGA PENETRANS causing inflammation, pruritus, and pain, in both humans and other mammals. There is a high incidence of secondary infections such as BACTEREMIA and TETANUS.

Networked: 19 relevant articles (0 outcomes, 3 trials/studies)

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Parasitic Skin Diseases
2.	Myiasis (Myiases)
3.	Larva Migrans (Cutaneous Larva Migrans)
4.	Dengue (Dengue Fever)
5.	Soft Tissue Infections

Experts

1.	Feldmeier, Hermann: 9 articles (01/2014 - 10/2003)
2.	Heukelbach, Jörg: 7 articles (01/2010 - 10/2003)
3.	Thielecke, Marlene: 2 articles (01/2014 - 01/2013)
4.	Ariza, Liana: 2 articles (01/2010 - 01/2007)
5.	Kehr, Judith Dorothea: 2 articles (01/2010 - 10/2006)
6.	Zimmerman, Robert F: 1 article (03/2015)
7.	Pfeiffer, Christopher D: 1 article (03/2015)
8.	Belanger, Elizabeth S: 1 article (03/2015)
9.	Jerzemowski, Janusz: 1 article (01/2015)
10.	Korzeniewski, Krzysztof: 1 article (01/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Tungiasis:

1.	zanzarinIBA 01/01/2013 - "Prevention of tungiasis and tungiasis-associated morbidity using the plant-based repellent Zanzarin: a randomized, controlled field study in rural Madagascar." 01/01/2010 - "We assessed the effectiveness of the intermittent application of the plant-based repellent Zanzarin to reduce infestation intensity and tungiasis-associated morbidity in a resource-poor community in Brazil, characterized by a very high attack rate. " 10/01/2006 - "Zanzarin applied twice daily on the feet reduced the number of newly embedded fleas by 92% (interquartile range 81-100%), the total number of lesions by 87% (81-98%) and reversed tungiasis-associated clinical pathology almost completely. "
2.	NiridazoleIBA 02/01/1982 - "Treatment of human tungiasis with niridazole (Ambilhar) a double-blind placebo-controlled trial."
3.	dimethicone (dimethyl polysiloxane)IBA 01/01/2014 - "Treatment of Tungiasis with dimeticone: a proof-of-principle study in rural Kenya."
4.	Silicon Dioxide (Sand)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "The twice-daily application of a plant-based repellent active against sand fleas reduced the attack to zero and lowered tungiasis-associated morbidity to an insignificant level." 10/01/2012 - "Tungiasis is an ectoparasitosis caused by penetration into the skin of the sand or chigger flea, Tunga penetrans. " 09/01/2009 - "Because tungiasis represents a serious problem for tropical public health and because of the recent description of a new species (Tunga trimamillata), it seems appropriate to review current knowledge of the morphology, molecular taxonomy, epidemiology, pathology, treatment and control of sand fleas of the genus Tunga." 02/01/2006 - "Probably the best approach to reduce tungiasis-associated morbidity in heavily affected individuals is the application of a repellent to prevent the penetration of sand fleas. " 11/01/2013 - "Tungiasis is a parasitic skin disease caused by the penetration of female sand fleas (Tunga penetrans). "
5.	Chikungunya virus infectionIBA 01/01/2015 - "dengue, chikungunya, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, myiasis, tungiasis, loiasis), although the majority are cosmopolitan (arthropod bites, sunburns, allergic rashes). " 03/01/2015 - "This is followed by a discussion of six important clinical syndromes including cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), cutaneous leishmaniasis, tungiasis, myiasis, antibiotic-resistant skin and soft tissue infection, and selected infections associated with fever and rash (e.g., measles, chikungunya virus infection, dengue fever, rickettsial spotted fevers). "
6.	CytokinesIBA 10/01/2003 - "We determined the concentrations of Th1-mediated (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) and Th2-mediated (IL-4) cytokines in the sera of patients with tungiasis. " 10/01/2003 - "The results show that tungiasis causes a mixed Th1 and Th2 immune response, characterized by significantly increased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, with a slightly increased concentration of IL-4. "
7.	Interleukin-4 (Interleukin 4)IBA 10/01/2003 - "The results show that tungiasis causes a mixed Th1 and Th2 immune response, characterized by significantly increased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, with a slightly increased concentration of IL-4. "
8.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 10/01/2003 - "The preponderance of the Th1 immune response was indicated by a significantly increased TNF-alpha/IL-4 ratio in patients with tungiasis, as compared with the control groups." 10/01/2003 - "We determined the concentrations of Th1-mediated (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) and Th2-mediated (IL-4) cytokines in the sera of patients with tungiasis. " 10/01/2003 - "The results show that tungiasis causes a mixed Th1 and Th2 immune response, characterized by significantly increased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, with a slightly increased concentration of IL-4. "
9.	Petrolatum (Vaseline)FDA Link 01/01/2003 - "[Effectiveness of 20% salicylated vaseline in the treatment of profuse tungiasis. "
10.	ParaffinIBA 01/01/2014 - "Tungiasis of the tongue was diagnosed after microscopic examination of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded Haematoxylin and Eosin-stained tissue sections. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Length of Stay 11/01/2007 - "The length of stay was a clear predictor for tungiasis, with a 20 times higher occurrence in travelers who had stayed for more than 4 weeks in Brazil. "