Prehypertension

Blood pressure levels that are between normotension and hypertension. Individuals with prehypertension are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Generally, prehypertension is defined as SYSTOLIC PRESSURE of 131-139 mm Hg and/or DIASTOLIC PRESSURE of 81-89 when the optimal is 120/80 mm Hg. For diabetics and other metabolism diseases the prehypertension is around 110-129/70-79 mm Hg.

Also Known As:

Networked: 349 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 67 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
2.	Kidney Diseases (Kidney Disease)
3.	Prediabetic State (Prediabetes)
4.	Weight Loss (Weight Reduction)
5.	Overweight

Experts

1.	Egan, Brent M: 7 articles (05/2015 - 10/2004)
2.	Liang, Jun: 5 articles (03/2015 - 09/2009)
3.	Yang, Yi-Ching: 5 articles (01/2015 - 05/2008)
4.	Wu, Jin-Shang: 5 articles (01/2015 - 05/2008)
5.	Lu, Feng-Hwa: 5 articles (01/2015 - 05/2008)
6.	Chang, Chih-Jen: 5 articles (01/2015 - 05/2008)
7.	Zhang, Yonghong: 5 articles (01/2014 - 10/2008)
8.	Kohara, Katsuhiko: 5 articles (01/2014 - 11/2008)
9.	Kawamoto, Ryuichi: 5 articles (01/2014 - 11/2008)
10.	Miki, Tetsuro: 5 articles (01/2014 - 11/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Prehypertension:

1.	4- (2- (4- hydroxybenzyl)- phenoxy)- N- methylbutylamineIBA 07/01/2008 - "If the results are equivocal, ambulatory BP monitoring may help to establish the diagnosis; (5) In patients with prehypertension, HBPM may be useful for detecting masked hypertension; (6) HBPM is recommended for evaluating the response to any type of antihypertensive treatment and may improve adherence; (7) The target HBPM goal for treatment is <135/85 mm Hg or <130/80 mm Hg in high-risk patients; (8) HBPM is useful in the elderly, in whom both BP variability and the white-coat effect are increased; (9) HBPM is of value in patients with diabetes, in whom tight BP control is of paramount importance; (10) Other populations in whom HBPM may be beneficial include pregnant women, children, and patients with kidney disease; and (11) HBPM has the potential to improve the quality of care while reducing costs and should be reimbursed." 07/01/2008 - "If the results are equivocal, ambulatory BP monitoring may help to establish the diagnosis; (5) In patients with prehypertension, HBPM may be useful for detecting masked hypertension; (6) HBPM is recommended for evaluating the response to any type of antihypertensive treatment and may improve adherence; (7) The target HBPM goal for treatment is <135/85 mm Hg or <130/80 mm Hg in high-risk patients; (8) HBPM is useful in the elderly, in whom both BP variability and the white-coat effect are increased; (9) HBPM is of value in patients with diabetes, in whom tight BP control is of paramount importance; (10) Other populations in whom HBPM may be beneficial include pregnant women, children, and patients with kidney disease; and (11) HBPM has the potential to improve the quality of care while reducing costs and should be reimbursed." 07/01/2008 - "If the results are equivocal, ambulatory BP monitoring may help to establish the diagnosis; (5) In patients with prehypertension, HBPM may be useful for detecting masked hypertension; (6) HBPM is recommended for evaluating the response to any type of antihypertensive treatment and may improve adherence; (7) The target HBPM goal for treatment is <135/85 mm Hg or <130/80 mm Hg in high-risk patients; (8) HBPM is useful in the elderly, in whom both BP variability and the white-coat effect are increased; (9) HBPM is of value in patients with diabetes, in whom tight BP control is of paramount importance; (10) Other populations in whom HBPM may be beneficial include pregnant women, children, and patients with kidney disease; and (11) HBPM has the potential to improve the quality of care while reducing costs and should be reimbursed." 06/01/2008 - "If the results are equivocal, ambulatory BP monitoring may help to establish the diagnosis; (5) In patients with prehypertension, HBPM may be useful for detecting masked hypertension; (6) HBPM is recommended for evaluating the response to any type of antihypertensive treatment and may improve adherence; (7) The target HBPM goal for treatment is <135/85 mm Hg or <130/80 mm Hg in high-risk patients; (8) HBPM is useful in the elderly, in whom both BP variability and the white-coat effect are increased; (9) HBPM is of value in patients with diabetes, in whom tight BP control is of paramount importance; (10) Other populations in whom HBPM may be beneficial include pregnant women, children, and patients with kidney disease; and (11) HBPM has the potential to improve the quality of care while reducing costs and should be reimbursed." 05/01/2008 - "If the results are equivocal, ambulatory BP monitoring may help to establish the diagnosis; 5) In patients with prehypertension, HBPM may be useful for detecting masked hypertension; 6) HBPM is recommended for evaluating the response to any type of antihypertensive treatment and may improve adherence; 7) The target HBPM goal for treatment is <135/85 mm Hg or <130/80 mm Hg in high-risk patients; 8) HBPM is useful in the elderly, in whom both BP variability and the white-coat effect are increased; 9) HBPM is of value in patients with diabetes, in whom tight BP control is of paramount importance; 10) Other populations in whom HBPM may be beneficial include pregnant women, children, and patients with kidney disease; and 11) HBPM has the potential to improve the quality of care while reducing costs and should be reimbursed."
2.	Vitamin DFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "We sought to examine the differential effect of high-dose versus low-dose vitamin D supplementation on markers of arterial stiffness among ~40 vitamin D deficient adults with prehypertension. " 01/01/2012 - "Lower serum vitamin D levels are associated with prehypertension in a representative sample of US adults." 01/01/2012 - "Compared to the highest quartile of serum vitamin D (referent), the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of prehypertension associated with the lowest quartile was 1.48 (1.16-1.90; p trend < 0.0001). " 10/01/2012 - "Prediabetes (PreDM) and prehypertension (PreHTN) are significantly more prevalent in healthy disease free CA adults with serum vitamin D concentrations below the 75th percentile for the Caucasian cohort. " 01/20/2015 - "Vitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: the DAYLIGHT trial."
3.	QuercetinIBA 11/01/2007 - "Men and women with prehypertension (n = 19) and stage 1 hypertension (n = 22) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to test the efficacy of 730 mg quercetin/d for 28 d vs. placebo. " 10/28/2015 - "Effects of a quercetin-rich onion skin extract on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-)hypertension: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial." 10/28/2015 - "We investigated the effects of quercetin after regular intake on blood pressure (BP) in overweight-to-obese patients with pre-hypertension and stage I hypertension. "
4.	Dietary SodiumIBA 05/01/2011 - "Several clinical trials investigated the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions and lifestyle modifications to reduce BP. Best evidence from randomized controlled trials supports BP-lowering effects of weight loss, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and dietary sodium (Na(+)) reduction in those with prehypertension, with more pronounced effects in those with hypertension. "
5.	candesartanIBA 04/01/2007 - "(4) The only trial involving patients with systolic pressure values between 130 and 139 mmHg, levels referred to by some as 'prehypertension', was not designed to determine either the clinical benefits or the adverse effects of treatment with candesartan. " 01/01/2008 - "We hypothesized that (i) in the setting of high-normal BP ("prehypertension"), this practice results in frequent spurious detection of hypertension, and (ii) that random, spurious detection of hypertension and flawed study design together explain why in the Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY) study candesartan appeared to suppress the development of hypertension for 2 years after cessation of therapy. " 04/20/2006 - "Treatment of prehypertension with candesartan appeared to be well tolerated and reduced the risk of incident hypertension during the study period. " 03/01/2006 - "The favorable results and low rate of adverse effects, in this open migraine prevention study in patients with hypertension or prehypertension, are similar to results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in patients taking candesartan. " 06/01/2008 - "In TROPHY, patients with prehypertension had relatively high baseline HRQL, and HRQL was maintained with the angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan over both the 2-year treatment period and a total 4-year trial period."
6.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2011 - "The BORDERLINE study represents a pilot experience to primarily identify the prevalence of 'high-normal' conditions, such as pre-hypertension, lipid and glucose levels in the upper range of normality in the setting of general practice in Italy. " 02/01/2014 - "A multivariate logistic conditional forward analysis, adjusted by sex, age, alcohol consumption waist circumference, body mass index, fasting glucose and triglyceride levels was conducted to evaluate the association between hypomagnesemia and prehypertension. " 01/22/2013 - "Among different groups with prehypertension, high-normal blood lipid and(or) impaired glucose regulation, SVC, SVR and BAD had significant differences. " 01/22/2013 - "Among them, the etiologies were prehypertension (n = 65), high-normal blood lipid (n = 156), impaired glucose regulation (n = 159), prehypertension and high-normal blood lipid (n = 85), prehypertension and impaired glucose regulation (n = 77), high-normal blood lipid and impaired glucose regulation (n = 55) and prehypertension, high-normal blood lipid and impaired glucose regulation (n = 9). " 01/22/2013 - "To explore the characteristics and related risk factors of arterial elasticity in persons with prehypertension, high-normal blood lipid and(or) impaired glucose regulation(impaired fasting glucose and(or) impaired glucose tolerance). "
7.	CholesterolIBA 09/01/2012 - "After adjusting for demographics, body mass index, smoking and serum cholesterol, the odds ratio for prehypertension, when comparing the highest category of MPV (>12.0 fl) with the lowest category (<10.1 fl), was 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.13; P for trend=0.014). " 05/01/2012 - "TG, HDL, HbA1c, and cholesterol appeared to influence pre-hypertension." 12/01/2009 - "Are pre-hypertension, pre-diabetes and marginally elevated cholesterol levels early diseases justifying drug treatment, regardless of the possibility that some prophylactic interventions may be associated with adverse events? " 12/01/2007 - "In women, total cholesterol was associated with prehypertension in the African Surinamese; the corresponding factor was the BMI in the Hindustani Surinamese. " 12/01/2007 - "Total cholesterol was positively associated with prehypertension in women, whereas increased physical activity was negatively associated. "
8.	C-Reactive ProteinIBA 04/01/2013 - "Few previous studies in Western populations have reported an association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and prehypertension. " 04/01/2011 - "This study was designed to evaluate the possible relationship between vascular inflammatory status [namely, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and white blood cell (WBC)] and aortic elasticity parameters in patients with prehypertension. " 10/01/2004 - "The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood pressure (BP) across the range of BP categories including prehypertension. " 04/01/2013 - "Serum C-reactive protein level and prehypertension in two Asian populations." 10/01/2004 - "Elevation of C-reactive protein in people with prehypertension."
9.	AngiotensinsIBA 03/01/2008 - "[Significance of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker--results from TROPHY study]." 04/20/2006 - "Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker." 06/01/2008 - "An evaluation of the effects of an angiotensin receptor blocker on health-related quality of life in patients with high-normal blood pressure (prehypertension) in the Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY)." 01/01/2008 - "A recent study has shown a reduction in the development of hypertension from prehypertension with the use of an angiotensin receptor blocker. " 06/01/2008 - "In TROPHY, patients with prehypertension had relatively high baseline HRQL, and HRQL was maintained with the angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan over both the 2-year treatment period and a total 4-year trial period."
10.	HDL CholesterolIBA 08/01/2011 - "On multivariate logistic regression analysis, prehypertension had significant positive association with BMI>23 kg/m² (OR 1.75), age (OR 1.89), serum triglyceride >150 mg/dl (OR 2.25)and serum HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dl (OR 1.51). " 08/01/2011 - "Although prehypertension was not associated with increased risk of mortality, individuals in the elderly Korean population with HNBP, especially when combined with low HDL cholesterol, showed a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality." 08/01/2015 - "However, prehypertension (OR=1.64; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.63) or hypertension (2.05; 1.21 to 3.47), higher mean blood pressure (≥90 vs <80 mm Hg, 2.63; 1.11 to 6.20), higher pulse pressure (≥50 vs <40 mm Hg, 2.00; 1.26 to 3.18), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<0.9 vs ≥0.9 mmol/L, 2.65; 1.08 to 6.50) and low physical activity levels (vs high, 3.11; 1.59 to 6.10) were major risk factors for RFD in men. " 12/01/2014 - "Results showed that compared with the population-based normal-weight sample, the local overweight/obese sample was significantly more likely to have diastolic prehypertension (15% vs. 75%, P<.0001), systolic prehypertension (10% vs. 43%, P<.0001), and the lowest quintile of HDL cholesterol (19% vs. 34%, P=.003). " 08/01/2014 - "High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were inversely associated with prehypertension-to-hypertension progression rate only among women (hazard ratio (1-SD): 0.93, 95% CIs: 0.86-0.100). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Home Nursing (Nursing, Home) 10/25/2004 - "If prehypertension were eliminated, hospitalizations, nursing home admissions, and premature deaths could decline substantially." 10/25/2004 - "Prehypertension alone accounted for 3.4% of hospitalizations, 6.5% of nursing home stays, and 9.1% of deaths. " 10/25/2004 - "Together, prehypertension and residual hypertension accounted for 4.7% of hospital admissions per 10 000 adults aged 25 to 74 years, 9.7% of nursing home admissions, and 13.7% of deaths. "
2.	Massage (Reflexology) 07/01/2014 - "This study demonstrates that a body-centered intervention like massage can be valuable in a multidisciplinary approach to women with prehypertension. " 05/01/2013 - "Findings of the study indicated that massage therapy was a safe, effective, applicable and cost-effective intervention in controlling BP of the pre-hypertension women and it can be used in the health care centers and even at home." 05/01/2013 - "Treatment of pre-hypertension is primarily non-pharmacological, one of which is massage therapy that is used to control the BP. This study aimed to evaluate the survival effect of Swedish massage (face, neck, shoulders, and chest) on BP of the women with pre-hypertension. " 01/01/2011 - "Findings of the study indicated that massage therapy was a safe, effective, applicable and cost-effective intervention in controlling BP of the prehypertension women and it can be used in the health care centers and even at home." 01/01/2011 - "This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Swedish massage (face, neck, shoulders and chest) on blood pressure (BP) of the women with prehypertension. "
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/01/2008 - "However, no clinical trials document that pharmacotherapy reduces cardiovascular events in stage 2 prehypertension. " 05/01/2015 - "Data on primary prevention of CVD with pharmacotherapy in prehypertension are lacking. " 01/01/2015 - "Prehypertension should be treated with lifestyle measures and not with antihypertensive drug therapy in older adults. " 12/01/2013 - "Pre-hypertension: rationale for pharmacotherapy." 02/01/2012 - "While pharmacotherapy has attractions from a public health perspective, clinicians and crucially those with pre-hypertension require robust evidence that drug treatment will lead to short term as well as long term gains. "
4.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 02/01/2012 - "Studies indicate that heart rate variability-biofeedback (HRV-BF) increases HRV and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) as well as reduces related pathological symptoms, suggesting potentially beneficial effects of HRV-BF on prehypertension, but little is known about these effects. " 10/01/2010 - "Slow abdominal breathing combined with EMG biofeedback is an effective intervention to manage prehypertension. " 10/01/2010 - "Participants with prehypertension could lower their systolic blood pressure (SBP) 8.4 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 3.9 mm Hg (p < 0.05) using slow abdominal breathing combined with EMG biofeedback. " 10/01/2010 - "Effect of slow abdominal breathing combined with biofeedback on blood pressure and heart rate variability in prehypertension." 07/01/2010 - "Patients with prehypertension may be a particularly appropriate target population for biofeedback for blood pressure reduction. "
5.	Ear Acupuncture 01/01/2013 - "This pilot multicentre randomised controlled trial will explore the feasibility of further auricular acupuncture research and provide important clinical evidence for the effect and safety of auricular acupuncture on blood pressure in patients with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension compared with usual care. " 01/01/2013 - "Auricular acupuncture for prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension: study protocol for a pilot multicentre randomised controlled trial." 01/01/2013 - "Therefore, we aimed to perform a randomised controlled clinical trial in patients with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension to evaluate the effect and safety of auricular acupuncture. "