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Shellfish Poisoning

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Poisoning from toxins present in bivalve mollusks that have been ingested. Four distinct types of shellfish poisoning are recognized based on the toxin involved.

Also Known As:

Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning; Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning; Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning; Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning; Amnesic Shellfish Poisonings; Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisonings; Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisonings; Paralytic Shellfish Poisonings; Poisoning, Amnesic Shellfish; Poisoning, Diarrhetic Shellfish; Poisoning, Neurotoxic Shellfish; Poisoning, Paralytic Shellfish; Poisoning, Shellfish; Poisonings, Amnesic Shellfish; Poisonings, Diarrhetic Shellfish; Poisonings, Neurotoxic Shellfish; Poisonings, Paralytic Shellfish; Poisonings, Shellfish; Shellfish Poisoning, Amnesic; Shellfish Poisoning, Diarrhetic; Shellfish Poisoning, Neurotoxic; Shellfish Poisoning, Paralytic; Shellfish Poisonings; Shellfish Poisonings, Amnesic; Shellfish Poisonings, Diarrhetic; Shellfish Poisonings, Neurotoxic; Shellfish Poisonings, Paralytic

Networked: 364 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 11 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Substance-Related Disorders: 9381
- Poisoning: 26707
  - Foodborne Diseases: 910
    - Shellfish Poisoning: 364

Related Diseases

1.	Shellfish Poisoning
2.	Ciguatera Poisoning (Ciguatera)
3.	Poisoning
4.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
5.	Paralysis (Palsy)

Experts

1.	Méndez, Josefina: 11 articles (01/2015 - 07/2010)
2.	Ciminiello, Patrizia: 8 articles (12/2015 - 08/2002)
3.	Dell'Aversano, Carmela: 8 articles (12/2015 - 08/2002)
4.	Neilan, Brett A: 8 articles (12/2014 - 02/2004)
5.	Botana, Luis M: 7 articles (10/2015 - 08/2010)
6.	Campbell, Katrina: 7 articles (09/2015 - 01/2011)
7.	Forino, Martino: 7 articles (10/2014 - 08/2002)
8.	Valdiglesias, Vanessa: 6 articles (01/2015 - 07/2010)
9.	Yasumoto, T: 6 articles (06/2002 - 04/2000)
10.	Tartaglione, Luciana: 5 articles (12/2015 - 01/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Shellfish Poisoning:

1.	Okadaic AcidIBA 02/01/2013 - "Study of cytoskeletal changes induced by okadaic acid in HL-7702 liver cells and development of a fluorimetric microplate assay for detecting diarrhetic shellfish poisoning." 03/15/2016 - "A novel HepG2 cell-based biosensor using Love Wave sensor was developed to implement the real-time and sensitive detection of a diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin, Okadaic acid (OA). " 10/01/2015 - "Marine dinoflagellates of the genera Dinophysis and Prorocentrum are representative producers of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins responsible for the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) which is a human intoxication caused by the consumption of shellfish that bioaccumulate those toxins. " 09/30/2015 - "A single-step lateral flow immunoassay was developed and validated to detect okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysis toxins (DTXs), which cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. " 04/01/2015 - "Okadaic acid (OA) and dynophysistoxins (DTXs) are phycotoxins responsible for a severe gastrointestinal syndrome called diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). "
2.	dinophysistoxin 1IBA 11/01/2013 - "Among them, 7-O-palmitoyl DTX1, which is one of the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins identified in shellfish, displayed an IC50 for [24-(3)H]OA binding at 51±6.3nM (Mean±SD). " 11/01/2012 - "OA and DTX1 accumulation causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, a worldwide public health problem. " 10/01/1988 - "Dinophysistoxin-1, 35-methylokadaic acid, is a causative agent of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. " 02/01/1992 - "An improved liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric (LC/MS) method utilizing gradient elution and ion-spray ionization is described for the sensitive determination of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1, the principal toxins implicated in cases of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. " 02/01/2015 - "We reported previously that okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) incidents due to consuming cultivated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in coastal cities near the East China Sea in May 2011. "
3.	MicrocystinsIBA 09/01/2007 - "The toxin groups investigated were paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, anatoxins (ANAs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), microcystins (MCs), and nodularins (NODs), including rare and uncharacterized derivatives found in plankton and water matrices. " 03/01/2000 - "A new analytical strategy was established to improve the determination and identification performance during analyses of microcystins and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in different matrices. " 04/11/2003 - "In this work we report on the application of improved HPLC, as well as CE and CEC, for the analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins and microcystins (MCs) present in different matrices such as water, shellfish or algae. " 03/01/2000 - "New strategy for the determination of microcystins and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, two potent phosphatases 1 and 2A inhibitors and tumor promoters." 09/01/2006 - "LC-MS analyses of the toxins from the bloom revealed variants of microcystins (MC), such as MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR. HPLC-FLD was used to determine the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), gonyautoxins 2 (GTX2) and 3 (GTX3). "
4.	domoic acidIBA 07/01/2007 - "A collaborative study was conducted on the Biosense amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of domoic acid (DA) toxins in shellfish in order to obtain interlaboratory validation data for the method. " 01/01/2005 - "The September 22, 2004 Task Force meeting in St. Louis included discussion of 2 interlaboratory studies, a proprietary kit for domoic acid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Biosense Labs AS, Bergen, Norway) and also a nonproprietary liquid chromatography (LC) method for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins by precolumn oxidation (James F. " 07/01/2015 - "Domoic acid (DA) is a biological neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning. " 01/01/2015 - "The last group of regulated shellfish toxins is the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin domoic acid, produced by species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia." 01/01/2015 - "Regulations aimed to protect public health from amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) are focused on the detection and accurate quantification of domoic acid (DA). "
5.	NeurotoxinsIBA 12/01/2010 - "The toxigenic freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3 has been used as a model to study and elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of tetrahydropurine neurotoxins associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). " 04/01/1991 - "The purpose of our study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological features of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), an illness caused by eating shellfish contaminated with the neurotoxins of P. " 07/15/2015 - "Brevetoxins (BTXs) are very potent marine neurotoxins that increased in geographical distribution in the past decade causing the illness clinically described as neurological shellfish poisoning (NSP). " 10/01/2014 - "The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum is known for the production of potent neurotoxins affecting the health of human seafood consumers via paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). " 10/01/2014 - "Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is an acute toxic illness in humans resulting from ingestion of shellfish contaminated with a suite of neurotoxins (saxitoxins) produced by marine dinoflagellates, most commonly in the genus Alexandrium. "
6.	EstersIBA 02/01/2009 - "During the last few years the occurrence of a high percentage of esters of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins has been observed in shellfish from the Portuguese coast. " 08/01/2005 - "Until recently, little focus was given to the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin esters in seafood products. " 08/01/2005 - "Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin esters in Danish blue mussels and surf clams." 01/01/2011 - "During this study, the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins okadaic acid, dinophysis toxin1 and 2 including their esters, the azaspiracids 1-3, pectenotoxin2, and the yessotoxins were investigated at concentration levels near the limit of quantification and near the legal limit. " 02/01/2009 - "Detection of okadaic acid and related esters in mussels during diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episodes in Greece using the mouse bioassay, the PP2A inhibition assay and HPLC with fluorimetric detection."
7.	gonyautoxinsIBA 10/22/2003 - "The analysis of shellfish extracts for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection repeatedly showed the presence of a compound suspected to interfere with gonyautoxin 4. The first aim of this study was to confirm by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry that this compound was not gonyautoxin 4. The second part of this work was to improve a nonvolumetric C(18) solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure to evaluate the removal of the interference associated with the recovery of PSP toxins. " 08/01/2002 - "Development and application of an enzyme immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody against gonyautoxin components of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins." 01/01/1997 - "A simple procedure for sulfation and 35S radiolabelling of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) gonyautoxins." 05/01/1995 - "The Australian freshwater mussel Alathyria condola accumulated high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins when fed the neurotoxic cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis, shown recently to contain high concentrations of C-toxins and gonyautoxins. " 03/01/1998 - "Hiatula diphos were forced to contain gonyautoxins (GTXs) in this research by feeding them with cells of Alexandrium minutum Halim, a toxic dinoflagellate species responsible for the paralytic shellfish poisonings in Taiwan. "
8.	cylindrospermopsinIBA 01/01/2003 - "The relationship between toxicity and the observed HIP1 polymerase chain reaction fingerprint profiles was less clear, although it is interesting to note that of the strains analysed in this study, only Australian strains are known to produce cylindrospermopsin and only Brazilian strains have been reported to produce paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins." 08/01/2011 - "Due to its known ability to produce potent toxins, such as cylindrospermopsin and the paralytic shellfish poisoning, this species is of major concern from a water quality perspective. " 02/01/2010 - "Neurotoxic paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, anatoxin-a (ATX), and hepatotoxic cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been detected in several lakes in northeast Germany during the last 2 decades. " 01/01/2010 - "Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505 is a cylindrospermopsin-producing strain from Australia, whereas Raphidiopsis brookii D9 from Brazil synthesizes neurotoxins associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). "
9.	benzene-1,4-diphosphonic acidIBA 10/01/2005 - "Purple clams (Hiatula diphos Linnaeus) accumulate paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins produced by a toxic strain of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum Halim in a laboratory study. " 10/01/2005 - "Accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by laboratory cultured purple clam Hiatula diphos Linnaeus." 03/01/1998 - "Hiatula diphos were forced to contain gonyautoxins (GTXs) in this research by feeding them with cells of Alexandrium minutum Halim, a toxic dinoflagellate species responsible for the paralytic shellfish poisonings in Taiwan. "
10.	batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoateIBA 05/01/2013 - "Brevetoxins (BTX-B) as a causative agent of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) under different shellfish matrices were intraperitoneally injected at different doses into mice to study their toxic effects and to differentiate the range of lethal and sublethal dosages. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 01/01/2011 - "Studies in the use of magnetic microspheres for immunoaffinity extraction of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins from shellfish."
2.	Intraperitoneal Injections 12/01/2002 - "Among several batches of clams harvested in Tunisia and imported to France, a small number of them were found to be neurotoxic to mice (intraperitoneal injection) as determined by the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) bioassay developed by Yasumoto et al. (1978). " 12/01/2011 - "The main diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins are okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, -2, and -3. In vivo, after intraperitoneal injection, dinophysistoxin-2 is approximately 40% less toxic than okadaic acid in mice. "
3.	Photobioreactors 03/01/2015 - "Cultivation of the benthic microalga Prorocentrum lima for the production of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in a vertical flat photobioreactor."
4.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 11/01/2005 - "In particular, paralytic shellfish poisoning and puffer fish poisoning can cause death within hours after consuming the toxins and may require immediate intensive care. "
5.	Injections 01/01/1986 - "injections of dinophysistoxin-1 and pectenotoxin-1, causative agents of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. "