Vulvar Vestibulitis

Inflammation of the vulvar vestibular region at the entrance of the VAGINA, generally involving surface mucosa and submucosal vestibular glands. It is characterized by ERYTHEMA and chronic recurrent pain in this area.

Also Known As:

Networked: 75 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 13 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Vulvodynia
2.	Dyspareunia
3.	Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Postherpetic Neuralgia

Experts

1.	Witkin, Steven S: 8 articles (03/2009 - 03/2002)
2.	Ledger, William J: 8 articles (03/2009 - 03/2002)
3.	Bongiovanni, Ann Marie: 5 articles (01/2008 - 03/2002)
4.	Foster, David C: 4 articles (04/2009 - 07/2004)
5.	Gerber, Stefan: 4 articles (03/2003 - 03/2002)
6.	Babula, Oksana: 3 articles (01/2008 - 03/2004)
7.	Abramovici, H: 3 articles (08/2000 - 01/2000)
8.	Bornstein, J: 3 articles (08/2000 - 01/2000)
9.	Goldstein, Andrew T: 2 articles (11/2014 - 01/2008)
10.	Graziottin, Alessandra: 2 articles (11/2009 - 03/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Vulvar Vestibulitis:

1.	Capsaicin (Zostrix)FDA Link 05/01/2005 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of local capsaicin cream as an effective treatment for patients with documented vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. " 01/01/2004 - "To assess the efficacy of topical capsaicin in the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. " 05/01/2005 - "Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome that is treated with capsaicin significantly decreases discomfort and allows for more frequent sexual relations." 05/01/2005 - "A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who received a diagnosis of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome that was treated with capsaicin. " 05/01/2005 - "Capsaicin for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis."
2.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2003 - "Long-term, nightly application of 5% lidocaine ointment shows promise as a treatment for management of vulvar vestibulitis; a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial is warranted." 07/01/2003 - "To assess the effectiveness of nightly application of 5% lidocaine ointment for treatment of vulvar vestibulitis. " 07/01/2003 - "Overnight 5% lidocaine ointment for treatment of vulvar vestibulitis." 01/01/2006 - "To evaluate the efficacy of electromyographic biofeedback and topical lidocaine treatment for women with vulvar vestibulitis. " 01/01/2006 - "A prospective randomized study where 46 women with vulvar vestibulitis were randomized to receive either electromyographic biofeedback or topical lidocaine treatment for four months. "
3.	Interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)FDA Link 03/01/2002 - "Previous studies have suggested that interferon-alpha may be an effective treatment for some women with vulvar vestibulitis. " 03/01/2002 - "A deficiency in interferon-alpha production in women with vulvar vestibulitis." 10/01/1991 - "Thirteen women with the diagnosis of vulvar vestibulitis based on clinical symptoms, presence of vestibular tenderness on physical examination, and acetowhite changes of the vulvar vestibule were treated with intradermal injection of alpha-interferon. "
4.	Cromolyn Sodium (Cromoglicic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2001 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of 4% cromolyn cream in women with vulvar vestibulitis. " 02/01/2001 - "Cromolyn cream for recalcitrant idiopathic vulvar vestibulitis: results of a placebo controlled study." 02/01/2001 - "Cromolyn cream did not confer a significant benefit in patients with vulvar vestibulitis. " 02/01/2001 - "Patients with vulvar vestibulitis were assigned to apply cromolyn or placebo cream to the vestibule. " 02/01/2001 - "Patients with chronic idiopathic vulvar vestibulitis have increased mast cells when biopsied, and cromolyn has been suggested as a treatment. "
5.	InterferonsIBA 01/01/1997 - "To evaluate the efficacy of a combination of subtotal perineoplasty and interferon (IFN) infiltration of the remaining anterior vestibule in the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis. " 01/01/1997 - "Combination of subtotal perineoplasty and interferon for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis." 12/01/1990 - "Interferon for vulvar vestibulitis." 01/01/1998 - "A low oxalate diet, the administration of interferon, and biofeedback training of the lower pelvic muscles-treatments that are used as a first-choice approach for vulvar vestibulitis, may all work in the postoperative patient. " 10/01/1991 - "Our results indicate the presence of HPV DNA in a subset of patients with vulvar vestibulitis, but its presence is not predictive of response to interferon therapy."
6.	MethylprednisoloneFDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2001 - "To assess the efficacy of submucous infiltrations of methylprednisolone and lidocaine into the vulvar vestibule for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis. " 08/01/2001 - "Treatment of vulvar vestibulitis with submucous infiltrations of methylprednisolone and lidocaine. "
7.	montelukast (Singulair)FDA Link 10/01/2007 - "Improvement in vulvar vestibulitis with montelukast." 10/01/2007 - "Montelukast is a viable treatment option for women with vulvar vestibulitis. " 10/01/2007 - "To determine if montelukast treatment improves symptoms in patients with vulvar vestibulitis. "
8.	Interleukin-1 (Interleukin 1)IBA 04/01/2002 - "In uninduced cultures, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels were also higher in control subjects (median, 1.60 ng/mL) than in patients with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (median, 0.62 ng/mL; P <.0001). " 09/01/2002 - "We differentiated women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome into subgroups on the basis of the time of symptom onset, a history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, and the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism. " 01/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to compare levels of inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (VVS) relative to levels in controls. " 07/01/2004 - "Impact of genetic variation in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and melanocortin-1 receptor genes on vulvar vestibulitis syndrome." 04/01/2002 - "A relative inability to down-regulate proinflammatory interleukin-1 beta activity by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist may contribute to the pathophysiologic features of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome."
9.	CytokinesIBA 04/01/2007 - "Enhanced synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines by vulvar vestibular fibroblasts: implications for vulvar vestibulitis." 02/01/1997 - "This elevation in inflammatory cytokines with vulvar vestibulitis varied according to anatomic site and was, paradoxically, lowest in the area of highest hyperalgesia, the vulvar vestibule. " 01/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to compare levels of inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (VVS) relative to levels in controls. " 02/01/1997 - "To compare levels of two inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 beta(IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha), in selected regions of the vulva, vestibule, and vagina in women with vulvar vestibulitis and in asymptomatic controls. "
10.	Oral ContraceptivesIBA 08/01/2002 - "Exploratory studies have suggested that oral contraceptives (OCs) could be associated with occurrence of vulvar vestibulitis. " 11/01/2004 - "Oral contraceptives may induce increased sensitivity in the vestibular mucosa in healthy women and might be one contributingfactor in the development of vulvar vestibulitis." 11/01/2004 - "Decreased mechanical pain threshold in the vestibular mucosa of women using oral contraceptives: a contributing factor in vulvar vestibulitis?"

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 06/01/2005 - "Vaginal sEMG biofeedback and pelvic floor physical therapists' manual techniques are being increasingly included in the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (VVS). " 01/01/2005 - "Of 104 women diagnosed with VVS, 54 (30 with primary vulvar vestibulitis syndrome [PVVS] and 24 with secondary vulvar vestibulitis syndrome [SVVS], mean age 24.5 years) chose Glazer biofeedback therapy. " 04/01/2001 - "Electromyographic biofeedback of pelvic floor musculature is an effective approach to vulvar vestibulitis." 04/01/2001 - "To evaluate the effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback of pelvic floor musculature in the management of patients with moderate to severe vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. " 04/01/2001 - "Treating vulvar vestibulitis with electromyographic biofeedback of pelvic floor musculature."
2.	Vestibuloplasty 08/01/1995 - "To evaluate the efficacy of vestibuloplasty (vestibular undercutting without excision) to treat severe vulvar vestibulitis. " 08/01/1995 - "The poor outcome of vestibuloplasty, if also reported by other centres, may render it an unacceptable treatment for vulvar vestibulitis. " 08/01/1995 - "Perineoplasty compared with vestibuloplasty for severe vulvar vestibulitis."
3.	Nerve Block (Nerve Blocks) 01/01/2008 - "Serial multilevel nerve blocks administered for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis is a conceptually neurophysiologically based modality that may be effective and merits a placebo-controlled study."
4.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 04/01/1991 - "Clinical investigations of topical capsaicin include trials in chronic pain syndromes such as postherpetic neuralgia, postmastectomy neuroma, reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, hemodialysis-associated itching, and vulvar vestibulitis. "
5.	Injections 11/01/2009 - "Botulinum neurotoxin type A injections for vaginismus secondary to vulvar vestibulitis syndrome." 09/01/2005 - "Ten vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (VVS) cases and 10 age and ethnically matched controls underwent two randomized, cross-over trials with intra-dermal injections of capsaicin or a saline placebo in the forearm and foot. " 02/01/1993 - "Seven patients with vulvar vestibulitis associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection were treated with intramuscular (IM) injections of human beta-interferon. "