Acute Radiation Syndrome

A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.

Also Known As:

Networked: 248 relevant articles (21 outcomes, 22 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Stomatitis
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Disease Progression
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
5.	Radiation Injuries (Radiation Sickness)

Experts

1.	Singh, Vijay K: 31 articles (04/2022 - 01/2012)
2.	MacVittie, Thomas J: 21 articles (10/2021 - 02/2002)
3.	Farese, Ann M: 15 articles (10/2021 - 02/2002)
4.	Seed, Thomas M: 14 articles (03/2022 - 11/2014)
5.	Orschell, Christie M: 9 articles (01/2021 - 01/2012)
6.	Fatanmi, Oluseyi O: 8 articles (04/2022 - 06/2012)
7.	Wise, Stephen Y: 8 articles (04/2022 - 06/2012)
8.	Kane, Maureen A: 8 articles (11/2020 - 07/2014)
9.	Newman, Victoria L: 8 articles (12/2016 - 11/2014)
10.	Guha, Chandan: 6 articles (01/2022 - 01/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Acute Radiation Syndrome:

1.	Filgrastim (Neupogen)FDA Link 01/01/2014 - "The efficacy of filgrastim (Neupogen®), a potential medical countermeasure, to improve survival when initiated at 48 h following total body irradiation in a non-human primate model of the hematopoietic syndrome of the acute radiation syndrome was investigated. " 01/01/2020 - "Owing to ethical constraints on conducting clinical research in lethally irradiated humans, we developed a model-based strategy to integrate preclinical experience in irradiated nonhuman primates (NHPs) and other clinical myelosuppressive conditions to inform filgrastim dosing to treat hematopoietic syndrome of acute radiation syndrome. " 01/01/2020 - "Prediction of Survival Benefit of Filgrastim in Adult and Pediatric Patients With Acute Radiation Syndrome." 01/01/2019 - "We conclude that use of Neupogen to mitigate against the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome has no impact on acute or chronic kidney injury." 09/01/2015 - "Filgrastim for the treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome."
2.	Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)IBA 01/01/2020 - "Two granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-based radiation countermeasures have been approved already for the treatment of the acute radiation syndrome. " 06/28/2017 - "Two granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-based radiation countermeasures have been approved for the treatment of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. " 06/01/2014 - "Results show that the dynamic changes in the levels of SAA, IL-6, G-CSF, and Flt3L reflect the time course and severity of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) and may function as prognostic indicators of ARS outcome. " 04/16/2014 - "Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of acute radiation syndrome: a concise review." 11/01/2005 - "Comparison of autologous cell therapy and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) injection vs. G-CSF injection alone for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome in a non-human primate model."
3.	Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins (Growth Factors)IBA 01/01/2021 - "A limited number (precisely four) of medicinals have been deemed safe and effective, and are approved by the US FDA for the 'hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS).' These agents are largely recombinant growth factors (e.g. " 01/01/2021 - "Currently, three leukocyte growth factors (Neupogen®, Neulasta® and Leukine®) have been approved by the FDA for mitigating the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. " 01/01/2019 - "Food and Drug Administration to treat acute radiation syndrome are growth factors targeting either the granulocyte (Neupogen® or Neulasta®) or granulocyte and macrophage (Leukine®) hematopoietic cell lineages, there is interest in understanding the role that these factors play in responding to and/or ameliorating radiation damage. " 01/01/2019 - "Food and Drug Administration for treatment of acute radiation syndrome are growth factors targeting granulocyte (Neupogen® or Neulasta®) or granulocyte and macrophage (Leukine®) hematopoietic cell lineages. " 05/01/2006 - "Dose assessment provides a basis for early use of haematopoietic growth factors that can shorten the period of neutropaenia for patients with acute radiation syndrome. "
4.	CytokinesIBA 03/27/2002 - "The initiation of the Centre for Radiation Medicine comes in parallel with a rapid development of the understanding of and treatment options for patients acquiring an acute radiation syndrome, mainly due to improved diagnostic procedures combined with novel therapeutic options, such as stem cell transplantation and cytokine administration." 01/01/2021 - "Radiation countermeasures for hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome: growth factors, cytokines and beyond." 01/01/2013 - "Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is one of the most critical cytokines used for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). " 01/01/2005 - "Cytokine therapy is the main strategy capable of preventing or reducing the acute radiation syndrome (ARS), and hematopoietic growth factors (GF) are particularly effective in mitigating bone marrow (BM) aplasia and stimulating hematopoietic recovery. " 01/01/2023 - "Potential effects of cytokine treatment on biodosimetry dose predictions were analyzed in irradiated blood subjected to Neupogen or Neulasta for 24 or 48 h at the concentration recommended to forestall manifestation of an acute radiation syndrome in bomb survivors. "
5.	romiplostimFDA Link 01/01/2023 - "The Acute Radiation Syndrome-Mitigator Romiplostim and Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Improved Survival in Mice Acutely Exposed to Myelosuppressive Doses of Ionizing Radiation." 03/01/2022 - "An update on romiplostim for treatment of acute radiation syndrome." 01/01/2020 - "Mitigative efficacy of the clinical dosage administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and romiplostim in mice with severe acute radiation syndrome." 01/01/2020 - "It has been reported that the high-dosage administration of domestically approved pharmaceutical drugs, especially granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and romiplostim (RP), is a rapid and appropriate medical treatment for preventing severe acute radiation syndrome (ARS) of victims exposed to lethal total-body irradiation (TBI). " 01/01/2020 - "Purpose: Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of romiplostim alone and in combination with pegfilgrastim in a non-human primate (NHP) model of acute radiation syndrome (ARS).Materials and methods: Male and female rhesus macaques were subjected to Cobalt-60 γ irradiation, at a dose of 550 cGy 24 h prior to subcutaneous administration of either romiplostim alone as a single (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg on Day 1) or repeat dose (5.0 mg/kg on Days 1 and 8), pegfilgrastim alone as a repeat dose (0.3 µg/kg on Day 1 and 8), or a combination of both agents (romiplostim 5.0 mg/kg on Day 1; pegfilgrastim 0.3 µg/kg on Days 1 and 8). "
6.	CBLB502IBA 01/01/2021 - "Entolimod (CBLB502) is effective in protecting against, and mitigating the development of, the hematopoietic and gastrointestinal subsyndromes of the acute radiation syndrome in rodents and nonhuman primates. " 04/11/2008 - "A single injection of CBLB502 before lethal total-body irradiation protected mice from both gastrointestinal and hematopoietic acute radiation syndromes and resulted in improved survival. " 01/01/2021 - "Entolimod as a radiation countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome." 01/01/2015 - "The Toll-Like Receptor 5 Agonist Entolimod Mitigates Lethal Acute Radiation Syndrome in Non-Human Primates."
7.	KMRC011IBA 11/01/2021 - "A first-in-human study of KMRC011, a potential treatment for acute radiation syndrome, to explore tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics." 11/01/2021 - "KMRC011 is a novel Toll-like receptor 5 agonist under development as a treatment for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). " 01/01/2023 - "10 of these studies had been completed, 3 with promising results: KMRC011 increased G-CSF, IL-6, and neutrophil counts suggesting potential for the treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS); GC4419 reduced the number of patients with severe oral mucositis and its duration; the combination of enoxaparin, pentoxifylline, and ursodeoxycholic acid reduced the incidence of focal radiation-induced liver injury. "
8.	Amifostine (Ethyol)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2010 - "Amifostine ameliorates recognition memory defect in acute radiation syndrome caused by relatively low-dose of gamma radiation." 03/01/2010 - "This study examined whether amifostine (WR-2721) could attenuate memory impairment and suppress hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice with the relatively low-dose exposure of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). " 11/01/2019 - "The efficacy and safety of amifostine for the acute radiation syndrome." 12/01/2016 - "This approach, the prophylactic combination of amifostine and GT3, which act through different mechanisms, shows promise and should be investigated further as a potential countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome." 01/01/2020 - "The small-molecule antioxidant XH-003, an acute radiation syndrome- (ARS-) protective drug independently developed in our laboratory, with 100% intellectual property rights, overcomes the side effects of amifostine but retains its high efficacy. "
9.	Enoxaparin (Lovenox)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "10 of these studies had been completed, 3 with promising results: KMRC011 increased G-CSF, IL-6, and neutrophil counts suggesting potential for the treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS); GC4419 reduced the number of patients with severe oral mucositis and its duration; the combination of enoxaparin, pentoxifylline, and ursodeoxycholic acid reduced the incidence of focal radiation-induced liver injury. "
10.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)IBA 01/01/2023 - "10 of these studies had been completed, 3 with promising results: KMRC011 increased G-CSF, IL-6, and neutrophil counts suggesting potential for the treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS); GC4419 reduced the number of patients with severe oral mucositis and its duration; the combination of enoxaparin, pentoxifylline, and ursodeoxycholic acid reduced the incidence of focal radiation-induced liver injury. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 12/01/2018 - "Novel treatment regimens for therapy of the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) were developed over the last years. " 01/01/2023 - "These findings have two implications: (a) strategies aimed at inhibiting A3G may improve the efficacy of genotoxic therapies used to cure malignant tumours; and (b) enhancing A3G activity may reduce acute radiation syndrome in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation." 08/01/2023 - "These findings indicate the feasibility of using humanized mice engrafted with adult bone marrow for radiation research and the development of CB-EPCs as an off-the-shelf cellular therapy for mitigation of hematologic acute radiation syndrome." 08/01/2023 - "Here, we evaluated cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (CB-EPCs) as a potential cellular therapy for mitigation of hematologic acute radiation syndrome. " 01/01/2022 - "The threat of a nuclear attack has increased in recent years highlighting the benefit of developing additional therapies for the treatment of victims suffering from Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS). "
2.	Stem Cell Transplantation 01/01/2010 - "MSCs may be a succedaneous or intensive method of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation under certain radiation dosages, and could provide a valuable strategy for acute radiation syndrome." 03/27/2002 - "The initiation of the Centre for Radiation Medicine comes in parallel with a rapid development of the understanding of and treatment options for patients acquiring an acute radiation syndrome, mainly due to improved diagnostic procedures combined with novel therapeutic options, such as stem cell transplantation and cytokine administration."
3.	Duration of Therapy 01/01/2019 - "This work models the efficacy of Prussian blue, the medical countermeasure for internal contamination with Cs, to prevent acute radiation syndrome as a function of the duration of treatment and the time that treatment starts after uptake. "
4.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2016 - "The protection of intestinal epithelial cells from the lethal effects induced by high-dose radiation is an important issue in radiotherapy and in the treatment of acute radiation syndrome. " 11/15/1993 - "Study of biological effects of varying mixtures of Cf-252 and gamma radiation on the acute radiation syndromes: relevance to clinical radiotherapy of radioresistant cancer." 01/01/2012 - "TLR9 agonist treatment could serve both as a prophylactic or mitigating agent against acute radiation syndrome and also as an adjuvant therapy to increase the therapeutic ratio of abdominal Radiation Therapy for Gastro Intestinal malignancies." 11/01/2015 - "Therefore, it is a good adjuvant candidate for vaccines, and it might function as a biological protectant against both major acute radiation syndrome during cancer radiotherapy and a mitigator of radiation emergencies. " 01/01/2011 - "BMASCT increases blood levels of intestinal growth factors and induces regeneration of the irradiated host ISC niche, thus providing a platform to discover potential radiation mitigators and protectors for acute radiation syndromes and chemo-radiation therapy of abdominal malignancies."
5.	Nuclear Power Plants 10/01/2010 - "In the study here, we analyzed HCV (as well as cytomegalovirus [CMV]) prevalence among Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) accident sufferers--cleanup workers, local residents, NPP workers, and convalescent patients--who suffered acute radiation syndrome (ARS) as a result of the 1986 accident, and individuals who had not been exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). " 05/01/2006 - "More than 300 people involved into the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident were submitted to a specialized clinical observation, and the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) was diagnosed in 115 of the patients. " 12/01/2018 - "This article presents a case report of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a patient who was involved in the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and suffered an acute radiation syndrome of degree II severity. " 12/01/1990 - "Materials of the investigation of victims of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were used for the estimation of a contribution of exposure with incorporated radionuclides to a course of acute radiation syndrome thyroid and pulmonary lesions. "