Perforin

A calcium-dependent pore-forming protein synthesized in cytolytic LYMPHOCYTES and sequestered in secretory granules. Upon immunological reaction between a cytolytic lymphocyte and a target cell, perforin is released at the plasma membrane and polymerizes into transmembrane tubules (forming pores) which lead to death of a target cell.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1406 relevant articles (57 outcomes, 105 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Smyth, Mark J: 37 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Trapani, Joseph A: 14 articles (02/2015 - 03/2002)
3.	Froelich, Christopher J: 10 articles (03/2015 - 10/2002)
4.	Jordan, Michael B: 9 articles (07/2015 - 08/2004)
5.	Hayakawa, Yoshihiro: 9 articles (01/2009 - 11/2002)
6.	Smyth, M J: 9 articles (08/2001 - 04/2000)
7.	Simon, Markus M: 8 articles (03/2015 - 10/2002)
8.	Yagita, Hideo: 8 articles (06/2014 - 01/2002)
9.	Voskoboinik, Ilia: 8 articles (01/2013 - 09/2004)
10.	Kelly, Janice M: 8 articles (08/2006 - 01/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Infection 08/01/2001 - "Perforin-dependent cytotoxic mechanisms have been noted to play an important role in the clearance of infections from multiple extrahepatic organs. " 08/01/2011 - "Perforin knockout (KO) mice and wild-type mice cleared infectious virus from the lungs, even following high-dose infection. " 12/01/1994 - "The absence of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity resulted in delayed clearance of Listeria from the spleen but not the liver after primary infection, overall susceptibility to Listeria however was not increased. " 10/01/2001 - "We conclude that while perforin is not necessary for the clearance of primary RSV infection, the use of alternative CTL target cell killing mechanisms is less efficient and can lead to enhanced disease." 06/01/2014 - "Using a model of respiratory vaccinia virus infection in mice, we could specifically determine the relative contribution of perforin, TRAIL, and IFN-γ-mediated pathways in protection against virus induced morbidity and mortality. "
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 03/01/2008 - "The enhanced therapeutic efficacy correlated with a striking and sustained increase of CD8- and perforin-expressing tumor-infiltrating cells. " 08/01/2007 - "We demonstrated that, when compared to CD8+ Tc2, Tc1 cells were significantly more effective in perforin-mediated cytotoxicity to tumor cells, had a significantly higher capacity for in vivo survival after the adoptive T cell transfer, and had a significantly stronger therapeutic effect on eradication of well-established tumors expressing OVA in animal models. " 09/01/2001 - "Moreover, a significant number of the investigated patients had a higher percentage of NK cells that did not lead to improved NK cell cytotoxicity as a result of the detected defect in the NK cell perforin-mediated cytotoxic mechanism of tumor cell lysis. " 02/17/1998 - "The chimeric VLPs also induced protection against tumor challenge in major histocompatibility class II-deficient mice, but not in beta2-microglobulin or perforin knockout mice implying that protection was mediated by class I-restricted cytotoxic lymphocytes. " 02/20/2007 - "Protection against polyoma virus-induced tumors is perforin-independent."
3.	Retinitis 11/01/2004 - "Adoptive transfer studies were performed to test the hypothesis that the perforin cytotoxic pathway is more important than the Fas/FasL cytotoxic pathway in protection against experimental murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) retinitis. " 11/01/2004 - "Splenic immune cells from donor MCMV-immunized normal mice or gld mice deficient in Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity significantly reduced the frequency and severity of MCMV retinitis following subretinal MCMV challenge when transferred into recipient PKO mice deficient in perforin-mediated cytotoxicity. " 07/01/2003 - "In comparison, 100% of both untreated and IL-2-treated perforin knockout mice (PKO mice) were susceptible to MCMV retinitis, and severity of retinitis and amounts of infectious intraocular MCMV in IL-2-treated PKO mice were equivalent to that in untreated PKO mice. " 03/01/2003 - "These results provide the first evidence that the perforin cytotoxic pathway is more important than the Fas/FasL cytotoxic pathway in providing resistance to experimental MCMV retinitis and that loss of the perforin cytotoxic pathway predisposes to MCMV retinitis." 03/01/2003 - "Since mice with retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) exhibited a frequency and severity of MCMV retinitis that were equivalent to those observed in PKO mice, we hypothesized that susceptibility to MCMV retinitis during MAIDS correlates with a decrease in the perforin cytotoxic pathway. "
4.	Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (MAIDS) 03/01/1997 - "These results demonstrate that perforin-dependent functions of CD8+ T cells contribute to MAIDS resistance but that other, non-CD8-dependent mechanisms are of equal or greater importance." 03/01/1997 - "To further evaluate the mechanisms contributing to MAIDS resistance, we studied mice lacking CD8+ T cells or deficient in perforin due to knockout of the beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) or perforin gene, respectively. " 11/01/2004 - "Perforin knockout mice, but not mice with MAIDS, show protection against experimental cytomegalovirus retinitis after adoptive transfer of immune cells with a functional perforin cytotoxic pathway." 03/01/2003 - "Since mice with retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) exhibited a frequency and severity of MCMV retinitis that were equivalent to those observed in PKO mice, we hypothesized that susceptibility to MCMV retinitis during MAIDS correlates with a decrease in the perforin cytotoxic pathway. " 07/01/2003 - "A competitive quantitative RT-PCR assay was used to measure the levels of perforin mRNA within MCMV-infected eyes of immunologically normal mice, untreated MAIDS mice, and IL-2-treated MAIDS mice. "
5.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis) 01/01/2013 - "Several experimental approaches, including adoptive transfer, clearly indicated that the immature hepatic NK cell subset, CD27+ CD11b-, was protective against liver metastasis; this subset mediated its protection by a perforin-dependent cytotoxic mechanism. " 01/01/2014 - "Newly developed immunodeficient mouse strains lacking functional T- and B-cells (rag2 knockout) however presenting functional NK cells (perforin knockout) are superior in producing spontaneous metastasis of SCLC and PCa cells compared to the system using SCID mice. " 08/01/2013 - "The density of immature (CD1a(+)) and mature (CD83(+)) dendritic cells (DCs), cytotoxic T lymphocytes CD8(+) /perforin(+) (CTLs), and Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Tregs) cells in the lymph nodes of patients with OCSCC without cervical lymph node metastases (LN1) (negative) (n = 10) were identified through immunohistochemistry. " 01/15/2010 - "CD155 appeared to be a key ligand recognized by DNAM-1 in NK cell-mediated suppression of metastases, and DNAM-1-mediated suppression coincided with perforin activity. " 08/01/2007 - "Effector molecules such as perforin and IFN-gamma may play important roles in inhibition of metastasis. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Granzymes (Granzyme)
2.	Interferon-gamma (Interferon, gamma)
3.	Neutralizing Antibodies
4.	Antigens
5.	Cytokines
6.	Interleukin-2 (IL2)
7.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)
8.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)
9.	Interleukin-10 (Interleukin 10)
10.	Interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
3.	Thymectomy
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft)
5.	Lung Transplantation