Postthrombotic Syndrome

A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.

Also Known As:

Networked: 227 relevant articles (14 outcomes, 34 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Venous Thrombosis (Deep-Vein Thrombosis)
2.	Thrombosis (Thrombus)
3.	Pain (Aches)
4.	Venous Insufficiency
5.	Venous Thromboembolism

Experts

1.	Kahn, Susan R: 12 articles (10/2022 - 07/2004)
2.	Vedantham, Suresh: 8 articles (10/2022 - 10/2009)
3.	Comerota, Anthony J: 8 articles (01/2019 - 01/2006)
4.	Kearon, Clive: 7 articles (12/2021 - 06/2008)
5.	Bounameaux, Henri: 4 articles (12/2021 - 02/2007)
6.	Jaff, Michael R: 4 articles (01/2021 - 04/2013)
7.	Goldhaber, Samuel Z: 4 articles (10/2019 - 02/2012)
8.	Sandset, Per Morten: 4 articles (04/2016 - 11/2007)
9.	Wells, Philip S: 3 articles (12/2021 - 02/2012)
10.	Galanaud, Jean-Philippe: 3 articles (05/2021 - 02/2020)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Postthrombotic Syndrome:

1.	glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate (sulodexide)IBA 09/01/2014 - "The efficacy of sulodexide in the prevention of postthrombotic syndrome." 09/01/2014 - "The aim of this open, observational registry was to evaluate the effects of antithrombotic treatment on the development of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS): the effects of "standard management" (SM; according to International Union of Angiology guidelines) were compared to SM in association with sulodexide or aspirin. "
2.	AnticoagulantsIBA 01/01/2023 - "At the 1-year follow-up, the Villalta score in the study group was lower (1.90 ± 2.45 vs 8.50 ± 5.33, P < .001), and the incidence of postthrombotic syndrome was significantly different between the groups (17.50% in the study group vs 68.75% in the anticoagulant group, P < .001). " 08/01/2017 - "We collected demographics, VTE prevention measures, VTE incidence, therapeutic anticoagulant use, and outcomes including postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) and clot resolution. " 05/01/2005 - "Relation between quality of anticoagulant treatment and the development of the postthrombotic syndrome." 05/01/1957 - "[Increased capillary permeability in anticoagulant therapy & in postthrombotic syndrome]." 11/16/1956 - "[Value of anticoagulant therapy in the prevention of the postthrombotic syndrome]."
3.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 07/01/2023 - "In 9 studies (1606 participants), no biomarker was consistently predictive of postthrombotic syndrome, VTE persistence, or VTE recurrence in children. " 07/01/2023 - "We included studies addressing the use of biomarkers for patients aged 29 days to 18 years to predict VTE or its complications, including but not limited to TE-related death, VTE recurrence, or postthrombotic syndrome. " 04/01/2023 - "Endothelium-biomarkers for postthrombotic syndrome: a case-control study." 09/01/2015 - "Theme 2: Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Imaging of Venous Thromboembolism (and postthrombotic syndrome)." 08/01/2015 - "Predictive value of markers of inflammation in the postthrombotic syndrome: a systematic review: inflammatory biomarkers and PTS."
4.	Warfarin (Coumadin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2019 - "In this study, patients who received oral rivaroxaban displayed a lower incidence of postthrombotic syndrome and a better total vein recanalization rate after 6 and 12 months than patients who received warfarin." 07/01/2022 - "Postthrombotic syndrome and quality of life after deep vein thrombosis in patients treated with edoxaban versus warfarin." 12/01/2019 - "Comparison of the recanalization rate and postthrombotic syndrome in patients with deep venous thrombosis treated with rivaroxaban or warfarin." 05/01/2018 - "Postthrombotic Syndrome in Patients Treated With Rivaroxaban or Warfarin for Venous Thromboembolism." 12/01/2019 - "In this article, we report the outcomes of patients with deep venous thrombosis in the lower limbs treated with the oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban or warfarin, focusing on the recanalization rate (measured with duplex ultrasound) and the incidence of postthrombotic syndrome. "
5.	RivaroxabanIBA 12/01/2019 - "On follow-up, there was no recurrence of symptoms related to MTS, no postthrombotic syndrome, and no clinically significant bleeding as a side effect of rivaroxaban. " 12/01/2019 - "In this study, patients who received oral rivaroxaban displayed a lower incidence of postthrombotic syndrome and a better total vein recanalization rate after 6 and 12 months than patients who received warfarin." 12/01/2019 - "Comparison of the recanalization rate and postthrombotic syndrome in patients with deep venous thrombosis treated with rivaroxaban or warfarin." 05/01/2018 - "Postthrombotic Syndrome in Patients Treated With Rivaroxaban or Warfarin for Venous Thromboembolism." 12/01/2019 - "In this article, we report the outcomes of patients with deep venous thrombosis in the lower limbs treated with the oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban or warfarin, focusing on the recanalization rate (measured with duplex ultrasound) and the incidence of postthrombotic syndrome. "
6.	FibrinIBA 04/01/2016 - "Reduced plasma fibrin clot permeability and susceptibility to lysis are associated with increased risk of postthrombotic syndrome." 01/01/2017 - "Growing evidence from observational studies indicates that abnormal fibrin clot properties can predict recurrent DVT and PE and they are involved in serious complications of VTE, for example, thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and postthrombotic syndrome. "
7.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 01/01/2023 - "[Chronic venous leg ulcers in association with postthrombotic syndrome in an XYY patient with a history of estrogen therapy]." 01/01/2021 - "Multivariate analysis revealed that: residual thrombosis (OR 1.40; 95% CI 0,88-2,21), the presence of cancer (OR 1.38; 95% CI: 0,64-2,97), immobility (OR 1.31; 95% CI 0,70-2,43) and estrogen-containing drugs use (OR 2.08, 95% CI 0,63-6,83), all had a predictive value for the occurrence of PTS. Our study results revealed that ultrasound finding of residual thrombosis is more predictive than proximal location of thrombus for postthrombotic syndrome after episode of deep venous thrombosis. "
8.	Lipoprotein(a)IBA 03/01/2011 - "Increased Lipoprotein (a) concentrations in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers: a study on patients with or without postthrombotic syndrome." 03/01/2011 - "We examined the serum Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] level, a proatherogenic and prothrombotic risk factor, in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers (n=210, stratified into patients with postthrombotic syndrome or without) and in a healthy control group (n=341). "
9.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 08/21/2014 - "The data on associations between these genes/proteins and the postthrombotic syndrome are limited and additional studies are required. "
10.	Peptide Hydrolases (Proteases)FDA Link 09/01/2005 - "These studies define new proteases potentially important to resolution of DVT and development of postthrombotic syndrome."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Catheters 05/01/2012 - "When compared to systemic anticoagulation, pharmacologic catheter-directed thrombolysis was associated with statistically significant reduction in the risk of postthrombotic syndrome (RR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07-0.48), venous obstruction (RR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.18-0.37), and a trend for reduction in the risk of venous reflux (RR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16-1.00). " 05/01/2017 - "While anticoagulation remains the mainstay treatment of acute DVT, catheter-directed thrombolysis combined with stenting provides a safe and effective method for relieving acute symptoms and preventing postthrombotic syndrome in patients with MTS. " 08/01/2020 - "Association of Successful Ultrasound-Accelerated Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis with Postthrombotic Syndrome: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CAVA Trial." 12/01/2009 - "The ATTRACT trial will randomize patients to medical management with standard anticoagulation versus catheter-directed thrombolysis in addition to standard anticoagulation after stratification to iliofemoral versus femoropopliteal DVT in order to determine the primary outcome of postthrombotic syndrome over a 24-month follow-up." 10/01/2023 - "Early catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) is required to improve patency rate and avoid postthrombotic syndrome. "
2.	Therapeutics 10/01/2000 - "It is unclear whether locoregional or systemic thrombolysis is superior in treating acute leg DVT or even whether lysis is more effective than anticoagulation therapy in preventing postthrombotic syndrome. " 07/01/2014 - "This study suggests that PMT as a stand-alone therapy is as effective as CDT with or without PMT in preserving valve function and preventing postthrombotic syndrome. " 02/01/2012 - "Pharmacologic and compression therapies for postthrombotic syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials." 01/01/2005 - "Studies have, however, shown that compression therapy is a safe therapy and can reduce the development of postthrombotic syndrome after acute DVT." 06/01/2022 - "Compression therapy is used to prevent postthrombotic syndrome. "
3.	Compression Stockings 11/01/2020 - "Compression stockings to prevent postthrombotic syndrome: Literature overview and presentation of the CELEST trial." 02/01/2020 - "Patient-reported reasons for and predictors of noncompliance with compression stockings in a randomized trial of stockings to prevent postthrombotic syndrome." 01/01/2018 - "Four large controlled studies examined the effect of compression stockings on the development of a postthrombotic syndrome, they are summarized and discussed in this paper. " 01/01/2023 - "Compression Stockings May Reduce Postthrombotic Syndrome." 07/01/2017 - "Finally, postthrombotic syndrome may be reduced by graduated compression stockings, but their use has not been validated for preventive use at this time and is still being discussed."
4.	Thrombectomy 05/01/2012 - "When compared to systemic anticoagulation, thrombectomy was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of developing postthrombotic syndrome (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.87), venous reflux (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.46-0.99), and a trend for reduction in the risk of venous obstruction (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.60-1.19). " 09/01/1990 - "The main theoretical advantage of venous thrombectomy is a reduced incidence of postthrombotic syndrome. " 10/01/2005 - "The purpose of our study was to evaluate early and late results of iliofemoral thrombectomy with regard to the prevention of the development of a postthrombotic syndrome. " 02/01/2018 - "The degree of patency after thrombectomy or thrombolysis was evaluated using the Venous Registry Index (VRI), while the risk of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) was evaluated according to the Villalta scale. " 12/08/2017 - "Thrombectomy and thrombolysis for the prevention and treatment of postthrombotic syndrome."
5.	Sympathectomy (Sympathectomies) 05/15/1967 - "[Clearance of NaI-131 from the skin in the postthrombotic syndrome and before and after surgical lumbar sympathectomy]." 11/26/1960 - "[Experimental research on the treatment of the postthrombotic syndrome by lumbar sympathectomy]."