Postthrombotic Syndrome

A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.

Also Known As:

Networked: 100 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 15 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Venous Thrombosis (Deep-Vein Thrombosis)
2.	Thrombosis (Thrombus)
3.	Pain (Aches)
4.	Venous Insufficiency
5.	Leg Ulcer

Experts

1.	Kahn, Susan R: 6 articles (08/2014 - 07/2004)
2.	Comerota, Anthony J: 6 articles (04/2013 - 01/2006)
3.	Kearon, Clive: 3 articles (04/2013 - 06/2008)
4.	Prins, Martin H: 3 articles (02/2012 - 09/2004)
5.	Goldhaber, Samuel Z: 2 articles (04/2013 - 02/2012)
6.	Altmeyer, Peter: 2 articles (01/2013 - 09/2006)
7.	Slagsvold, Carl-Erik: 2 articles (01/2013 - 02/2004)
8.	Enden, Tone: 2 articles (01/2013 - 01/2013)
9.	Stücker, Markus: 2 articles (01/2013 - 09/2006)
10.	Sandset, Per Morten: 2 articles (01/2013 - 01/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Postthrombotic Syndrome:

1.	glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate (Vessel)IBA 09/01/2014 - "The efficacy of sulodexide in the prevention of postthrombotic syndrome." 05/01/2002 - "Successful treatment of deep vein thrombosis by lysis therapy leads to recanalisation of the occluded vessel saving the venous flaps, thus limiting postthrombotic syndrome. " 09/01/2014 - "The aim of this open, observational registry was to evaluate the effects of antithrombotic treatment on the development of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS): the effects of "standard management" (SM; according to International Union of Angiology guidelines) were compared to SM in association with sulodexide or aspirin. "
2.	Lipoprotein(a)IBA 03/01/2011 - "Increased Lipoprotein (a) concentrations in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers: a study on patients with or without postthrombotic syndrome." 03/01/2011 - "We examined the serum Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] level, a proatherogenic and prothrombotic risk factor, in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers (n=210, stratified into patients with postthrombotic syndrome or without) and in a healthy control group (n=341). "
3.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 08/21/2014 - "The data on associations between these genes/proteins and the postthrombotic syndrome are limited and additional studies are required. "
4.	Peptide Hydrolases (Proteases)IBA 09/01/2005 - "These studies define new proteases potentially important to resolution of DVT and development of postthrombotic syndrome."
5.	CalciumIBA 12/04/1989 - "Therefore the considerable enhanced aggregability in postthrombotic syndrome cannot explained with altered cytosolic calcium content of platelets." 12/04/1989 - "This study presents a comparison of the ADP-induced platelet aggregation and free cytosolic platelet calcium concentration between patients with postthrombotic syndrome and healthy volunteers. " 12/04/1989 - "Correlation between postthrombotic syndrome, ADP-induced aggregation and intracellular calcium concentration. "
6.	Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)IBA 12/04/1989 - "The half maximal effective dose of the platelet aggregation induced by ADP was significantly decreased in postthrombotic syndrome (p less than 0.005). " 12/04/1989 - "This study presents a comparison of the ADP-induced platelet aggregation and free cytosolic platelet calcium concentration between patients with postthrombotic syndrome and healthy volunteers. " 12/04/1989 - "Correlation between postthrombotic syndrome, ADP-induced aggregation and intracellular calcium concentration. "
7.	mesoglycanIBA 01/01/2013 - "A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines by a search of PubMed (1948 to September 2011) using the search terms "post-thrombotic syndrome," "postthrombotic syndrome," "post-phlebitic syndrome," and "postphlebitic syndrome." A manual reference list search was also carried out to identify further studies that would be appropriate for inclusion. "
8.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 09/01/2015 - "Theme 2: Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Imaging of Venous Thromboembolism (and postthrombotic syndrome)." 08/01/2015 - "Predictive value of markers of inflammation in the postthrombotic syndrome: a systematic review: inflammatory biomarkers and PTS." 05/01/2012 - "Reviewers working independently in duplicate extracted study characteristics, quality, and outcome data (death, pulmonary embolism, local complications, hemorrhagic complications, postthrombotic syndrome, pain, quality of life, and surrogate markers of venous function such as valve competence and patency). "
9.	StreptokinaseFDA Link 01/01/1976 - "It is probable that streptokinase will significantly decrease the frequency and severity of the postthrombotic syndrome in these patients in particular, although this has not yet been proven." 01/01/1976 - "Because of its fibrinolytic action, streptokinase is believed to reduce the severity of the postthrombotic syndrome in patients with deep vein thrombosis. " 10/01/1991 - "It has never been demonstrated that the late postthrombotic syndrome may be diminished by the faster dissolution of the clots induced by streptokinase or urokinase. " 06/21/1985 - "Late results in 278 consecutive patients with unilateral deep vein thrombosis treated with streptokinase or heparin/dicoumarol were analysed as to mortality rate, recurrent thrombo-embolism and incidence of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS). "
10.	Heparin (Liquaemin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2000 - "Although currently there is a lack of conclusive data on the development of postthrombotic syndrome, heparin therapy appears to be associated with fewer maternal risks. " 06/21/1985 - "Late results in 278 consecutive patients with unilateral deep vein thrombosis treated with streptokinase or heparin/dicoumarol were analysed as to mortality rate, recurrent thrombo-embolism and incidence of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Catheters 05/01/2012 - "When compared to systemic anticoagulation, pharmacologic catheter-directed thrombolysis was associated with statistically significant reduction in the risk of postthrombotic syndrome (RR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07-0.48), venous obstruction (RR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.18-0.37), and a trend for reduction in the risk of venous reflux (RR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16-1.00). " 12/01/2009 - "The ATTRACT trial will randomize patients to medical management with standard anticoagulation versus catheter-directed thrombolysis in addition to standard anticoagulation after stratification to iliofemoral versus femoropopliteal DVT in order to determine the primary outcome of postthrombotic syndrome over a 24-month follow-up." 01/01/2013 - "Thrombolysis, applied either systemic or directly by catheter, is indicated in selected cases to prevent onset of postthrombotic syndrome or remove quickly the symptoms due to high venous obstruction. " 01/01/2013 - "Prompt therapy, traditionally by means of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) prior to definitive surgery, can prevent the subsequent onset of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) and considerable disability. " 06/19/2012 - "Catheter-directed thrombolysis reduced the postthrombotic syndrome in acute iliofemoral DVT."
2.	Thrombectomy 05/01/2012 - "When compared to systemic anticoagulation, thrombectomy was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of developing postthrombotic syndrome (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.87), venous reflux (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.46-0.99), and a trend for reduction in the risk of venous obstruction (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.60-1.19). " 09/01/1990 - "The main theoretical advantage of venous thrombectomy is a reduced incidence of postthrombotic syndrome. " 10/01/2005 - "The purpose of our study was to evaluate early and late results of iliofemoral thrombectomy with regard to the prevention of the development of a postthrombotic syndrome. " 05/01/2012 - "Low-quality evidence suggests that surgical thrombectomy decreases the incidence of postthrombotic syndrome and venous reflux. " 02/01/2002 - "A severe postthrombotic syndrome was seen in 6.2% after thrombectomy, in 8.1% after fibrinolysis, and in 10.4% after singular anticoagulation. "
3.	Compression Stockings 02/04/2015 - "To test this hypothesis we designed a prospective DVT and postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) Bridging the Gap Study by addressing at least four unanswered questions in the treatment of DVT and PTS. Which DVT patient has a clear indication for long-term compression stocking therapy to prevent PTS after the initial anticoagulant treatment in the acute phase of DVT? " 04/15/2014 - "After a first proximal DVT, compression stockings did not prevent the postthrombotic syndrome." 02/01/2012 - "We suggest compression stockings to prevent the postthrombotic syndrome (Grade 2B). " 06/01/2008 - "For prevention of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) after proximal DVT, we recommend use of an elastic compression stocking (Grade 1A). " 02/06/2007 - "Moderately strong evidence supports early use of compression stockings to reduce postthrombotic syndrome. "
4.	Sympathectomy (Sympathectomies) 05/15/1967 - "[Clearance of NaI-131 from the skin in the postthrombotic syndrome and before and after surgical lumbar sympathectomy]." 11/26/1960 - "[Experimental research on the treatment of the postthrombotic syndrome by lumbar sympathectomy]."
5.	Ligation 01/01/1958 - "[Problem of surgical treatment of postthrombotic syndrome by ligation of the deep veins; results of direct blood stream measurements with thermistors]." 09/01/1948 - "Postthrombotic syndrome of the lower extremity; treatment by interruption of the superficial femoral vein and ligation and stripping of the long and short saphenous veins." 01/01/1986 - "Doppler ultrasound and strain gauge plethysmography (SGP) were used to study venous insufficiency in 22 patients after ligation of the inferior vena cava (LIVC), 13 control patients with unilateral postthrombotic syndrome (PS) and 20 normal controls. " 02/01/1983 - "Venous injuries proximal to the elbow and the knee can be successfully treated by direct suture or graft implantation with good functional results, whereas ligature of large veins causes postthrombotic syndrome of the limbs in over 50% of the cases. "