Stupor

A state of reduced sensibility and response to stimuli which is distinguished from COMA in that the person can be aroused by vigorous and repeated stimulation. The person is still conscious and can make voluntary movements. It can be induced by CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS. The word derives from Latin stupere and is related to stunned, stupid, dazed or LETHARGY.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1281 relevant articles (16 outcomes, 85 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Respiratory Insufficiency (Respiratory Failure)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Urinary Retention
4.	Pruritus (Itching)
5.	Hypothermia

Experts

1.	Cronin, Mark T D: 4 articles (09/2015 - 12/2002)
2.	Abraini, Jacques H: 4 articles (11/2014 - 03/2003)
3.	Risso, Jean-Jacques: 4 articles (01/2014 - 03/2003)
4.	Rostain, Jean-Claude: 4 articles (05/2009 - 08/2002)
5.	Abraham, Michael H: 4 articles (06/2008 - 09/2005)
6.	Acree, William E: 4 articles (06/2008 - 09/2005)
7.	Ostreĭkov, I F: 4 articles (01/2004 - 01/2002)
8.	Paschke, Albrecht: 3 articles (01/2012 - 12/2010)
9.	Schüürmann, Gerrit: 3 articles (01/2012 - 12/2010)
10.	Anogeianaki, A: 3 articles (01/2011 - 07/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Stupor:

1.	Ethyl Ether (Ether)IBA 03/20/1931 - "(4) The application of ether, alcohol, or xylol to the 3 posterior pairs of spiracles, or immersion of these segments in alcohol, was effective in inducing premature reversal at the close of the 5th stage, exclusively forward beating being resumed as soon as narcosis disappeared. " 03/01/2013 - "3 days after the last CP administration the rats were weighted and blood under ether narcosis has been taken for biochemical examination. " 01/01/2012 - "Nowadays, in Russia, diethyl ether is the most popular narcosis for rodent and particular rats. " 05/01/2011 - "Total of 36 white rats, male, body mass 130-150 g., underwent partial resection of the spleen under the ether narcosis. " 12/01/2010 - "After stopping of the experiment (15th day), under the ether narcosis the animals were sacrificed. "
2.	barbituric acid (barbiturate)IBA 04/01/1981 - "Barbiturate narcosis and deep cooling, which induced a decrease in body temperature in rats and hibernation in squirrels, caused a marked decrease of all macromolecular constituents in neurons. " 05/01/1953 - "Barbiturate narcosis depresses the response of dendrites in a manner that resembles anodal depression for it is relieved rather than reinforced by asphyxial depolarization (Fig. " 10/01/1957 - "Electrographic monitoring of anaesthesia; a method for experimental and clinical study of reversal of barbiturate narcosis." 07/01/1957 - "Electrographic monitoring of anaesthesia; clinical and experimental studies of cerebral function during barbiturate narcosis." 07/01/1955 - "Electrographic monitoring of barbiturate narcosis; studies of cortical function."
3.	Hexobarbital (Hexenal)IBA 12/01/1969 - "Experimental studies on the model of hexobarbital-narcosis in rat]." 08/01/1955 - "[Study on pathological electric activity of the brain in hexobarbital narcosis of epileptics]." 07/15/2009 - "Pretreatment with Sida acuta extract significantly shortened the duration of hexobarbitone-induced narcosis in mice indicating its hepatoprotective potential. " 05/01/1995 - "[Daily dynamics of the duration of hexenal narcosis in experimental hepatosis]." 02/01/1990 - "However, even with 10(7) U/kg (s.c.), no effect was found in general behavior, rotarod performance and hexobarbital narcosis in mice. "
4.	Chloroform (Trichloromethane)IBA 09/01/2007 - "B) DESIGN AND METHODS: Investigations were carried out on 120 white rats (180-200g), which were injected intravenously by 0.5 ml and 1.0 ml of 1 % solution of GSH-17 and decapitated after 10 and 30 min after the injection by use of light chloroform narcosis. " 01/01/1997 - "In America, however, there was less enthusiasm for chloroform narcosis. " 01/01/1997 - "The first narcosis with chloroform was performed by James Young Simpson on himself on November 4, 1847. " 03/01/1897 - "The circulation recovers itself more slowly after profound etherization than after a like chloroform narcosis. " 12/12/1896 - "On Auscultation of the Heart During Chloroform Narcosis."
5.	Pentobarbital (Nembutal)FDA Link 05/01/1988 - "Under nembutal narcosis on cats, intracellular electrophysiological studies have been made of common properties and differences in the neuronal organization of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and intrinsic pontine nuclei. " 11/01/1985 - "Pentobarbital also depresses septal-hippocampal cholinergic activity, and a relationship between this depressed activity and pentobarbital-induced narcosis is suggested by a variety of studies. " 01/01/1981 - "This study was designed to assess the strain differences in pentobarbital toxicity, narcosis, the development of tolerance and physical dependence, the half-life of pentobarbital and the activities of hepatic microsomal electron transfer chain in DBA/2J, C57BL/6J and ICR mice. " 06/01/2007 - "Analogous to TRH, it also antagonized pentobarbital-induced narcosis when administered intravenously. " 02/21/2006 - "In nembutal narcosis, the left lateral and the medial lobes of the liver were clipped for 45 min to make the total blood supply flow through the other lobes. "
6.	Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)IBA 07/01/2000 - "Accordingly, the present study tested the hypothesis that mild narcosis, induced by inhalation of a normoxic gas mixture containing 30% nitrous oxide (N2O), would affect VO2. " 09/01/1988 - "According to the findings, nitrous oxide narcosis does not significantly affect the brain circulation, so that it is suitable for an experimental study of the latter." 11/01/2012 - "Psychomotor function during mild narcosis induced by subanesthetic level of nitrous oxide: individual susceptibility beyond gender effect." 09/01/2009 - "Behavioral temperature regulation in humans during mild narcosis induced by inhalation of 30% nitrous oxide." 07/01/2000 - "The effect of nitrous oxide-induced narcosis on aerobic work performance."
7.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1987 - "Although the pharmacokinetics of morphine are unchanged in renal insufficiency, accumulation of active metabolites may lead to narcosis. " 07/01/1994 - "In patients with renal failure, morphine may cause prolonged narcosis and respiratory depression. " 08/01/1984 - "Intermittent epidural injection of morphine relieved pain for 5.8 +/- 2.3 hr/injection and was associated with urinary retention in all patients, with pruritus in 12 patients, and with central narcosis and respiratory depression in 8 patients. " 02/01/1983 - "An experimental study in dogs with intact thoracic cavity under morphine-chloralose narcosis featured coronary catheterization, extracorporeal perfusion and resistography as well as catheterization of the heart cavities and the coronary sinus. " 10/01/1985 - "Morphine injected intraseptally in the amounts of 35 and 70 nmol prolonged pentobarbital-induced narcosis in the rat. "
8.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 07/15/2009 - "The model of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats, liver histopathological observations, hexobarbitone-induced narcosis and in vitro anti-lipid peroxidation studies were employed to assess the hepatoprotective efficacy of SA. " 10/01/1984 - "The biliary and renal excretion of acetaminophen and its metabolites over 8 hr was determined in rats exposed to diethyl ether by inhalation for 1 hr. Additional rats were anesthetized with urethane (1 g/kg ip) while control animals were conscious throughout the experiment (surgery was performed under hexobarbital narcosis: 150 mg/kg ip; 30-min duration). "
9.	Anesthetics (Anesthetic Agents)IBA 07/01/2008 - "The stereoselectivity of certain anesthetics is currently thought to be inconsistent with lipid theories of narcosis. " 09/01/2000 - "A model of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness is introduced to explain how the plethora of effects anesthetics have on cellular functioning ultimately all converge on a single neuroanatomic/neurophysiologic system, thus providing for a unitary physiologic theory of narcosis related to consciousness." 07/20/2000 - "Many theories of narcosis do not explain how unconsciousness is produced at a molecular level, but instead relate some physicochemical property of anesthetic agents to their anesthetic potencies. " 01/01/1975 - "Inhalational anesthetics produce a range of side effects in addition to the production of narcosis. " 09/01/1967 - "[Comparative studies of the effects of experimental narcosis with anesthetics used in otorhinolaryngology on various rat organs]."
10.	AlcoholsIBA 01/01/2012 - "Compared to the base-line toxicity relationship (narcosis QSAR) derived previously, tertiary propargylic alcohols can be identified as nonpolar narcotic chemicals, while secondary alcohols and primary alcohols with low molecular weight generally exhibit obvious excess toxicity in relation to the base-line toxicity. " 05/01/2005 - "This approach was extended to tadpole narcosis induced by alcohols. " 02/01/1991 - "That the potency of an alcohol was strongly correlated with its Pm/b suggests that the membrane disordering theory of narcosis may also be used to explain the hypothermic action of alcohols." 05/01/1989 - "The toxicity of acetylenic alcohols to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas: narcosis and proelectrophile activation." 01/01/1951 - "[Thermodynamic concentrations of aliphatic alcohols corresponding to the threshold of narcosis in fish]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia 11/01/2014 - "It is the anesthesiologist's responsibility to collect all necessary information regarding the patient's medical condition to decide on the appropriate narcosis and to ensure that the patient comprehends the anesthesia procedure and its effects. " 03/01/2012 - "Patients have to be informed by practitioner for risk dental injury and anaesthesiology staff must choose his anesthesia protocol before the induction of intubation narcosis, avoiding insufficient anaesthesia and lack of experience by the anaesthesiologist. " 09/01/2010 - "Modern anesthesia is handling an increasing number of patients with neurological diseases who require narcosis. " 05/01/2010 - "The voltage-sensitive dye responses were studied at pressures up to 20 atmospheres (atm) over a range in which changes in excitability and pressure-reversal of narcosis/anesthesia have been described to occur in animals. " 01/01/2008 - "[Anesthesia in heart surgery: more than narcosis]."
2.	General Anesthesia 02/01/1975 - "It is the authors' opinion that the state of thermal balance should be followed as carefully during general anesthesia as hemostatic indices, since normothermia improved considerably the clinical course of narcosis and postoperative period, as well." 10/01/1998 - "Increased inspiratory resistance in combination with mild gas narcosis is common during recovery after a general anesthesia, but there are only few previous studies on inspiratory loading during subanesthetic gas narcosis. " 01/01/1997 - "The procedures were performed under general anesthesia in many instances with jet narcosis--in laryngomicroscopic exposure. " 01/01/1991 - "This type of intervention is an enlargement of the surgeon's armentarium, and it can be offered to patients unwilling to have general anesthesia or with severe contraindications to narcosis." 08/01/1978 - "95 patients were operated upon under general anesthesia and 103--under local narcosis. "
3.	Resuscitation 07/01/2005 - "Analysis of technological engineering support of anesthesiology and resuscitation equipment carried out in 2002-2003 revealed a trend toward improvement in supply of equipment for inhalation narcosis, artificial lung ventilation, and control diagnostic devices. " 08/01/1985 - "In zoo animals in narcosis induced by medicines, the resuscitation effectiveness achieved 92.6%. " 05/01/1974 - "[Portable narcosis- and resuscitation apparatus]." 09/01/1933 - "THE RESUSCITATION OF NEWLY-BORN BABIES SHOWING NARCOSIS." 01/01/1987 - "The method was assessed using a simple, recoverable and effective first aid element in combined resuscitation measures, in therapy of paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia, in patients with the sinoatrial node weakness syndrome during cardioversion and narcosis, in primary and repeated pacemaker implantations, in acute myocardial infarctions complicated by bradyarrhythmias. "
4.	Conduction Anesthesia (Regional Anesthesia) 03/01/1961 - "[Local-regional anesthesia with basic narcosis for hip surgery]." 01/01/1990 - "One hundred and twenty children have benefited from surgical cure for vesico-renal reflux under loco-regional anesthesia per caudal way, with use of a mixed solution of Lidocaine 1%, Bupivacaine 0.5%, with Adrenaline, along with a complementary narcosis. "
5.	Epidural Injections 08/01/1984 - "Intermittent epidural injection of morphine relieved pain for 5.8 +/- 2.3 hr/injection and was associated with urinary retention in all patients, with pruritus in 12 patients, and with central narcosis and respiratory depression in 8 patients. "