Microcystins

Cyclic heptapeptides found in MICROCYSTIS and other CYANOBACTERIA. Hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects have been noted. They are sometimes called cyanotoxins, which should not be confused with chemicals containing a cyano group (CN) which are toxic.

Networked: 104 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 10 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Xie, Ping: 14 articles (10/2013 - 10/2005)
2.	Zhang, Xuezhen: 7 articles (10/2013 - 06/2007)
3.	Li, Dapeng: 5 articles (10/2011 - 06/2007)
4.	Li, Xiao-Yu: 4 articles (07/2007 - 12/2004)
5.	Metcalf, James S: 3 articles (02/2015 - 08/2005)
6.	Zhou, Wenshan: 3 articles (10/2013 - 06/2012)
7.	Zhao, Yanyan: 3 articles (10/2013 - 05/2009)
8.	Hao, Le: 3 articles (06/2010 - 01/2009)
9.	Xiong, Qian: 3 articles (06/2010 - 01/2009)
10.	Li, Guangyu: 3 articles (06/2010 - 01/2009)

Related Diseases

1.	Shellfish Poisoning 04/11/2003 - "In this work we report on the application of improved HPLC, as well as CE and CEC, for the analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins and microcystins (MCs) present in different matrices such as water, shellfish or algae. " 09/01/2007 - "The toxin groups investigated were paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, anatoxins (ANAs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), microcystins (MCs), and nodularins (NODs), including rare and uncharacterized derivatives found in plankton and water matrices. " 03/01/2000 - "A new analytical strategy was established to improve the determination and identification performance during analyses of microcystins and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in different matrices. " 03/01/2000 - "New strategy for the determination of microcystins and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, two potent phosphatases 1 and 2A inhibitors and tumor promoters." 09/01/2006 - "LC-MS analyses of the toxins from the bloom revealed variants of microcystins (MC), such as MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR. HPLC-FLD was used to determine the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), gonyautoxins 2 (GTX2) and 3 (GTX3). "
2.	Body Weight (Weight, Body) 03/04/2009 - "The present study examined toxic effects of microcystins on heart muscle of rats intravenously injected with extracted MC at two doses, 0.16LD(50) (14 microg MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight) and 1LD(50) (87 microg MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight). " 04/01/2008 - "In the present study, the acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes were investigated in liver of crucian carp i.p.-injected with 50 mug MC-LReq per kg body weight (BW). " 06/15/2007 - "An acute toxicological experiment was designed to study hematological changes of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with extracted microcystins at two doses, 50 and 200 microg MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight. " 08/01/2009 - "Phytoplanktivorous silver carp was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with extracted hepatotoxic microcystins (mainly MC-RR and -LR) at a dose of 1000 microg MC-LReq./kg body weight, and liver histopathological changes and antioxidant responses were studied at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively, after injection. " 01/01/2009 - "Japanese quail chicks and adults received the same daily dose of approximately 224.4 ng microcystins per gram of body weight. "
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 07/02/2015 - "Microcystins induce a variety of toxic cellular effects, including oxidative damage, apoptosis, cytoskeletal destabilization, and cancer cell invasion. " 11/01/2014 - "Microcystins (MC) are cyanotoxins occurring globally, known for causing acute hepatotoxicity in humans/animals, tumor promotion in animals and potential carcinogenicity. " 12/01/2013 - "With the growing evidence of exposure to microcystins and the possible links to cancer, methods to measure medium to long-term human exposure are needed. " 10/01/2013 - "Microcystins (MCs) are highly liver-specific and evidenced as a liver tumor promoter. " 05/01/2013 - "Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins and have also implicated in liver tumor promotion. "
4.	Liver Neoplasms (Liver Cancer) 05/01/2006 - "[Study progress on pollution and liver cancer promotion of microcystins]." 01/01/2000 - "The dominant species of cyanophyta can produce microcystins, a potent liver cancer promotor. " 06/01/1996 - "Detection of microcystins, a blue-green algal hepatotoxin, in drinking water sampled in Haimen and Fusui, endemic areas of primary liver cancer in China, by highly sensitive immunoassay." 01/21/2014 - "The CASR for liver cancer has dropped nearly 50% in the last 4 decades, in part from access to deep-well drinking water in the 1970s with consequent diminished exposure to tumor promoting microcystins produced by blue-green algae. " 06/01/2013 - "Even though chronic exposure has been linked with liver cancer and alterations have been described in liver damage marker enzymes in exposed populations, there are not profile parameters that indicate prolonged exposure to microcystins. "
5.	Necrosis 10/01/2005 - "Both the present and previous studies suggest that with in vivo or in vitro exposure to microcystins, hepatocyte damage in fish tends to proceed toward the direction of apoptosis at lower MC concentrations but toward the direction of necrosis at high MC concentrations. " 01/01/2011 - "In addition, microcystins can trigger oxidative stress in cells resulting in necrosis or apoptosis. " 10/01/2010 - "Exposure to microcystins at lower concentrations induced more apoptosis than necrosis in peripheral erythrocytes, whereas exposure at higher concentrations gave rise to both conditions. " 05/01/2009 - "High doses of microcystins produce hepatic necrosis. " 07/01/2007 - "When lower concentration of microcystins (10 and 100 microg L(-1)) was used for exposure, carp hepatocytes died in apoptosis while, when higher one used (1000 microg L(-1)), they died in the form of necrosis."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Enzymes
2.	Stathmin
3.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)
4.	Organic Chemicals
5.	microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP5)
6.	moesin
7.	ezrin
8.	Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (Phosphatases, Protein)
9.	Protein Phosphatase 1
10.	Okadaic Acid

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intraperitoneal Injections
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis)