Proglucagon (Glucagon Precursors)

The common precursor polypeptide of pancreatic GLUCAGON and intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Proglucagon is the 158-amino acid segment of preproglucagon without the N-terminal signal sequence. Proglucagon is expressed in the PANCREAS; INTESTINES; and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Posttranslational processing of proglucagon is tissue-specific yielding numerous bioactive peptides.

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Networked: 128 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 6 trials/studies)

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Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Reimann, Frank: 7 articles (01/2021 - 11/2014)
2.	Gribble, Fiona M: 6 articles (01/2021 - 11/2014)
3.	Holst, Jens Juul: 5 articles (01/2022 - 06/2005)
4.	Drucker, Daniel J: 4 articles (04/2019 - 07/2002)
5.	Holst, Jens J: 4 articles (01/2015 - 04/2008)
6.	Vrang, Niels: 4 articles (01/2013 - 04/2002)
7.	Cani, Patrice D: 4 articles (01/2012 - 08/2006)
8.	Delzenne, Nathalie M: 4 articles (01/2012 - 08/2006)
9.	Bloom, Stephen R: 3 articles (01/2020 - 11/2014)
10.	Brubaker, Patricia L: 3 articles (01/2018 - 07/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 04/12/2019 - "GLP-2 was found to exhibit robust intestinal growth-promoting activity, following serendipitous observations that proglucagon-producing tumors induced intestinal growth in mice. " 07/23/1996 - "We demonstrate that nude mice bearing subcutaneous proglucagon-producing tumors exhibit marked proliferation of the small intestinal epithelium. " 11/01/1994 - "Examination of proglucagon posttranslational processing in the tumors demonstrated that proglucagon was processed differently in each tumor to yield a unique profile of PGDPs. " 11/01/1994 - "Plasma levels of the PGDPs were elevated in all tumor-bearing mice (8- to 22-fold greater than controls, P < 0.001), and this was associated with marked inhibition of mouse pancreatic proglucagon gene expression. " 11/01/1994 - "Inhibition of pancreatic proglucagon gene expression in mice bearing subcutaneous endocrine tumors."
2.	Short Bowel Syndrome 01/01/2018 - "This comprehensive review covers the biology of GLP-2, from the control of proglucagon gene expression and the posttranslational processing of proglucagon to liberate GLP-2 to the regulation of GLP-2 secretion from the intestinal L cell, and from the mechanism of action of GLP-2 through its highly localized receptor to the biological activities of GLP-2 in the intestine and other restricted locations in the body, under physiological conditions as well as in animal models of intestinal disease and in patients with short bowel syndrome. " 07/01/1998 - "In summary, SCFAs led to rapid changes in ileal proglucagon and glucose transporter expression in rats receiving TPN and provide insights into therapeutic management of individuals with short bowel syndrome or intestinal malabsorption syndromes." 09/01/2012 - "Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a nutrient-dependent, proglucagon-derived gut hormone that shows promise for the treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). " 12/01/2010 - "Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a nutrient-dependent, proglucagon-derived hormone that is a proposed treatment for human short bowel syndrome (SBS). "
3.	Inflammation (Inflammations) 08/25/2021 - "fruit (MCF) on oxidative stress, markers of inflammation, and their role in proglucagon and insulin receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by real-time PCR in diabetic rats. " 01/01/2015 - "Mucosal inflammation induced the overexpression of GPR40, GPR120, and several inflammatory cytokines, with correlations between ileal concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and GPR expression levels; however, inflammation did not induce the expression of proglucagon, a precursor of GLP-2 in CD patients. " 11/01/2011 - "In addition, prebiotics improved glucose tolerance, increased L-cell number and associated parameters (intestinal proglucagon mRNA expression and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 levels), and reduced fat-mass development, oxidative stress, and low-grade inflammation. "
4.	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MODY) 10/01/2016 - "Here, we investigate the functional and molecular adaptations of proglucagon-producing cells in obese mice to better define their involvement in type 2 diabetes development. " 06/01/2016 - "Because we find that AS1269574 also acts in a conventional GPR119-mediated manner to stimulate proglucagon gene promoter activity in the GLUTag intestinal L cell line, new findings reported here reveal the surprising capacity of AS1269574 to act as a dual agonist at two molecular targets (GPR119/TRPA1) important to the control of L-cell function and type 2 diabetes mellitus drug discovery research. " 06/01/2011 - "Genetic variation in transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), a regulator of proglucagon processing, is reproducibly associated with type 2 diabetes. " 01/01/2000 - "Lack of germline mutations in the preproglucagon gene region coding for glucagon-like peptide 1 in Type 2 diabetic (NIDDM) patients." 01/01/2020 - "Proglucagon peptide secretion profiles in type 2 diabetes before and after bariatric surgery: 1-year prospective study."
5.	Insulinoma 02/15/1995 - "InR1-G9 cells, which are insulinoma-derived cells, express an endogenous proglucagon gene. " 07/01/2005 - "This report describes a study using the rat insulinoma cell line RIN-1056A, which abundantly expresses both insulin and proglucagon (glu), and relatively high amounts of endogenous Cdx-2. " 01/01/2020 - "Proglucagon-Derived Peptides Expression and Secretion in Rat Insulinoma INS-1 Cells." 04/01/2005 - "To investigate whether mouse insulinoma (MIN6) cells transfected with the glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) fragment of the proglucagon gene (RIP/GLP-1 MIN6 cells) are resistant to the toxicity derived from the administration of ISD. " 12/26/1997 - "To understand better the biosynthetic pathway of tGLP-1, proglucagon processing was studied in the mouse pituitary cell line AtT-20, a cell line that mimics the intestinal pathway of proglucagon processing and in the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Glucagon (Glukagon)
2.	Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP 1)
3.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)
4.	Hormones (Hormone)
5.	Glucose (Dextrose)
6.	Prebiotics
7.	Octreotide (Sandostatin)
8.	Insulin (Novolin)
9.	Peptides (Polypeptides)
10.	Glicentin

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Bariatric Surgery
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Transplantation
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)