Mucositis

An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).

Also Known As:

Networked: 2429 relevant articles (213 outcomes, 406 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Head and Neck Neoplasms (Head and Neck Cancer)
4.	Neutropenia
5.	Stomatitis

Experts

1.	Gibson, Rachel J: 37 articles (11/2015 - 07/2002)
2.	Bowen, Joanne M: 28 articles (07/2015 - 09/2005)
3.	Howarth, Gordon S: 28 articles (01/2015 - 05/2003)
4.	Keefe, Dorothy M K: 25 articles (01/2010 - 07/2002)
5.	Stringer, Andrea M: 24 articles (07/2015 - 01/2007)
6.	Sonis, Stephen T: 23 articles (01/2013 - 01/2002)
7.	Butler, Ross N: 20 articles (12/2012 - 05/2003)
8.	Epstein, Joel B: 18 articles (11/2013 - 07/2002)
9.	Logan, Richard M: 17 articles (07/2015 - 01/2007)
10.	Keefe, Dorothy M: 15 articles (11/2015 - 06/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Mucositis:

1.	Amifostine (Ethyol)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2000 - "The most important results in favor of amifostine were the reduction of intensity of cardiac, pulmonary and hepatic toxicity, and a significant reduction of frequency and severity of mucositis (P = 0. " 06/01/2000 - "A significant reduction of pharyngeal, esophageal, and rectal mucositis was noted in the amifostine arm (P <.04). " 06/01/1986 - "We have previously reported that Amifostine, a radioprotective agent, was effective in treating acute radiation mucositis in the head and neck region. " 01/01/2002 - "The authors have developed a rat RT model to examine the protective effects of amifostine after IV and subcutaneous (SC) administration in a mucositis model. " 03/01/2002 - "Ongoing trials are being conducted to determine the efficacy of amifostine in reducing radiation-induced mucositis and other toxicities. "
2.	Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)IBA 01/01/2005 - "Forty-five percent of the patients randomized to receive GM-CSF had a significant reduction of the mucositis more than one grade compared to 9% of the conventional treated. " 01/01/2005 - "In severe mucositis, GM-CSF is more effective than conventional treatment." 03/01/2006 - "The present study was performed to investigate the protective effects of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) against ulcerative mucositis in hamster buccal pouch. " 01/01/2005 - "This trial examined the efficacy of GM-CSF in reducing mucositis of the oral cavity and/or oropharynx compared with conventional treatment. " 02/01/2000 - "We found no evidence indicating that subcutaneously given GM-CSF reduces the severity of radiation-induced mucositis."
3.	Fluorouracil (Carac)FDA LinkGeneric 02/15/1995 - "A Grade II mucositis, according to the World Health Organization, was found in 25 patients, and the treatment was interrupted for 7-10 days in 5. In this study, despite an improvement in the number of complete responses, the chemotherapeutic regimen with or without 5-FU did not prolong the overall patient survival significantly." 03/01/2015 - "This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium infantis in a rat model of intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). " 12/01/2014 - "Therefore, the present study aimed to test the ability of hUP blockers in preventing mucositis induced by 5-FU. " 09/01/2011 - "This study evaluated the role of PAF in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis using a pharmacological approach and PAF receptor knockout mice (PAFR(-/-)). " 07/01/2010 - "Although 5-FU is considered to exert significant stomatotoxic effect, severe mucositis was far less common in this study compared to studies reported elsewhere."
4.	Glutamine (L-Glutamine)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "In our group, a statistically significant reduction in the duration of mucositis was observed in patients who received parenteral glutamine. " 10/01/2005 - "Glutamine appears to be safe and beneficial in reducing the severity of mucositis. " 06/27/2011 - "Intravenous glutamine-enriched solution seems to be effective in posttransplant period in decreasing the severity and duration of mucositis. " 01/01/2015 - "The present study investigated whether L-glutamine (glutamine) decreases the severity of mucositis in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx induced by CRT. " 01/01/2014 - "Grade 3 mucositis (14.29%) and grade 4 mucositis (2.86%) in the study arm (who received oral glutamine) were significantly less (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively) in the glutamine arm. "
5.	Sucralfate (Carafate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1999 - "Sucralfate mouth washing is beneficial in decreasing the intensity of radiation-induced mucositis and oral discomfort. " 07/01/2001 - "In this double blind randomised study, we tested the efficacy of sucralfate for the prevention of mucositis induced by such conditioning treatments. " 01/01/1995 - "There is increasing evidence that sucralfate reduces the severity of radiation-induced mucositis in the head and neck, esophagus, and the lower gastrointestinal tract. " 01/01/2003 - "Sucralfate mouthwash for prevention and treatment of 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial." 03/01/1997 - "There was a total of 131 assessable patients entered onto this trial, 50 of whom developed mucositis and used the study medication (27 sucralfate and 23 placebo). "
6.	irinotecan (Camptosar)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2016 - "We investigated in a rat model whether SBI was effective in alleviating symptoms of irinotecan-induced GI mucositis. " 01/01/2015 - "This study shows a critical role of the MyD88-mediated TLR2 and TLR9 signaling in the pathogenesis of irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis. " 07/01/2014 - "This study assessed mechanisms and the role of inflammasome activation in irinotecan-induced mucositis. " 01/01/2011 - "For normalisation of irinotecan-induced mucositis gene expression studies, a combination of Ywhaz/UBC and UBC/β-actin should be used in the jejunum and colon, respectively. " 01/01/2011 - "As this method relies on the use of a validated endogenous control, this study aims to validate commonly used housekeeping genes in an irinotecan-induced mucositis model. "
7.	ChlorhexidineIBA 05/01/2004 - "According to this sequential analysis, the study could be terminated at the 34th within subject comparison, with a statistically significant reduction in ulcerative lesions (P<0.05) and severity of mucositis (P<0.05) in children on the chlorhexidine protocol. " 02/01/2013 - "Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwash and chlorhexidine 1% gel were equally useful in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis leading to the reduction in inflammatory parameters. " 01/01/2015 - "The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of Octenidol(®), Glandomed(®) and chlorhexidine mouthwash in the prevention of mucositis and reduction of the oropharyngeal flora. " 12/01/1994 - "Randomized trial of a chlorhexidine mouthwash for alleviation of radiation-induced mucositis." 01/01/2015 - "The role of Octenidol(®), Glandomed(®) and chlorhexidine mouthwash in the prevention of mucositis and in the reduction of the oropharyngeal flora: a double-blind randomized controlled trial."
8.	Benzydamine (Tantum)IBA 09/01/2012 - "A significant reduction in mucositis in honey-received patients compared with 0.15% benzydamine hydrochloride, 0.9% normal saline applied patients occurred. " 03/01/2009 - "We evaluated the efficacy of benzydamine oral rinse for prevention of radiation-induced mucositis. " 01/01/1985 - "A double-blind, randomized clinical study was undertaken to determine the analgesic and antiinflammatory effectiveness of benzydamine in patients with radiation-induced mucositis of the oropharynx. " 01/01/2015 - "Aloe vera mouthwash was as beneficial as benzydamine mouthwash in alleviating the severity of radiation-induced mucositis and showed no side effects. " 01/01/2015 - "The mean interval between the start of radiation therapy and the maximum severity of mucositis were was also similar in both the Aloe vera and benzydamine groups (Aloe vera 23.38±10.75 days, benzydamine 23.54±15.45 days). "
9.	Fibroblast Growth Factor 7FDA Link 06/01/2009 - "Palifermin is a recombinant keratinocyte growth factor that has been shown to be effective in decreasing the incidence, severity and duration of mucositis in Phase III trials. " 12/01/2011 - "Furthermore, we additionally amended supportive care with palifermin as it reduced severity and prevalence of mucositis [5]." 09/01/2011 - "Further studies are indicated to investigate the prophylactic potential of palifermin against intestinal mucositis." 05/20/2008 - "Future studies should evaluate higher palifermin doses with longer and more standardized assessment of acute mucositis." 07/01/2007 - "In clinical trials, palifermin, a recombinant humanized keratinocyte growth factor (rHuKGF), has demonstrated an ability to decrease the incidence and duration of mucositis. "
10.	Cisplatin (Platino)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "Changes in the mucus barrier during cisplatin-induced intestinal mucositis in rats." 01/01/2008 - "The most common acute toxicity of Cisplatin plus RT was grade 3-4 mucositis (64%). " 02/01/1994 - "Severe and worse toxic events were similar between the treatment programs, but radiation-induced mucositis combined with cisplatin-induced water-losing nephropathy, in the concomitant arm only, demanded more supportive care. " 04/01/2007 - "Although therapeutics results are equivalent to cisplatin schemes of concurrent CT-RT, mucositis and cutaneous toxicity registered in this trial must be considered as limiting factors to application of this new approach." 08/01/2004 - "Toxicities of cisplatin chemoradiotherapy consisted of grade 3 or 4 mucositis (79%) and neutropenia (51%). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/2009 - "The BIQAC had the most braod-spectrum radical scavenging activity, suggesting that it may be effective against chemotherapy-induced mucositis. " 10/01/2013 - "Chemotherapy-induced mucositis represents a significant burden to quality of life and healthcare costs, and may be improved through enhanced nutritional status. " 10/01/2002 - "Whether such a lozenge would be beneficial in treatment situations where rate of severe mucositis is higher (ie, in patients treated with unconventional fractionation or with concomitant chemotherapy) is unknown." 02/01/1999 - "In the Gln group, a significant reduction in mucositis and ulcerations of the gastric (P < 0.01) and duodenal mucosa (P < 0.05) was documented after the third course of chemotherapy. " 08/01/2015 - "ED may possibly be more effective for the prevention of antineoplastic chemotherapy-induced mucositis through the activation of GI mucus cells."
2.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2006 - "A significant reduction of severe mucositis at the end of radiotherapy (14.7 vs 44.8%, p=0.018) and of interruptions (0 vs 17.2%, p=0.017) was observed in group A. " 02/01/2016 - "The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive effects of elemental diet (ED), Elental®, on radiotherapy- or chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis in OSCC patients. " 06/01/2015 - "The study found that performance status, pre-RT haemoglobin level, radiotherapy interruptions > 5 days and non-development of grade III mucositis was found to be significantly associated with good loco-regional control. " 04/01/2012 - "This study evaluated the effects of administering Lactobacillus brevis CD2 lozenges on the incidence and severity of mucositis and tolerance to chemo-radiotherapy. " 10/01/2002 - "The primary end point of the study was the time to development of severe mucositis from the start of radiotherapy. "
3.	Oral Hygiene (Dental Hygiene) 11/01/1985 - "A nonbrushing method of oral hygiene was effective in reducing the severity and duration of mucositis. " 11/01/2006 - "In our study, a good gingival status as well as good oral hygiene during chemoradiotherapy is associated with a lower incidence and severity of mucositis." 11/01/2006 - "A descriptive study was made, analyzing oral hygiene, one dental index, and two gingivales indices, and evaluating their relationship with the appearance of mucositis. " 01/01/1999 - "The purposes of this study were to determine if there were differences in the incidence, severity, and time to onset of CTX-induced mucositis in oncology outpatients who wore dental appliances, had a history of oral lesions, had varying oral hygiene/care practices, and had a history of smoking and those who did not. " 01/01/2000 - "Basic requirements in prevention and control of mucositis are good oral hygiene, mechanical débridement of the oral tissues, and hydration."
4.	Cryotherapy (Therapy, Cold) 08/01/2010 - "Oral cryotherapy reduces mucositis and improves nutrition - a randomised controlled trial." 09/01/2012 - "We found that oral cryotherapy has a significant contribution to the protection of oral health by reducing mucositis score according to the WHO mucositis scale, especially on the 7th and 14th days. " 10/01/2007 - "Oral cryotherapy reduces mucositis and opioid use after myeloablative therapy--a randomized controlled trial." 06/01/2006 - "Compared to the normal saline group, patients using cryotherapy experienced less grade 3-4 mucositis, 14 vs 74%, P=0.0005. " 07/01/2005 - "Our findings have demonstrated that oral cryotherapy makes an important contribution to the protection of oral health by reducing the mucositis score according to patient- and physician-judged mucositis score and by increasing oral pH values. "
5.	Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) 08/01/2010 - "This study supports two mechanisms of action for LLLT in reducing mucositis severity. " 11/01/2015 - "Clinical mucositis scores were significantly lower in the LLLT group than in the control group (p = 0.004). " 06/01/2015 - "Prophylactic LLLT reduced the overall risk of severe mucositis (risk ratio (RR) 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.67; P = 0.001). " 01/01/2014 - "Prophylactic LLLT reduced the overall risk of severe mucositis (risk ratio (RR) 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.67; P = 0.001). " 01/01/2014 - "Objective was to determine whether prophylactic low level laser therapy (LLLT) reduces the risk of severe mucositis as compared to placebo or no therapy. "