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Graves Ophthalmopathy

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An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.

Also Known As:

Congestive Ophthalmopathy; Dysthyroid Ophthalmopathy; Edematous Ophthalmopathy; Myopathic Ophthalmopathy; Ophthalmopathies, Thyroid-Associated; Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathies; Congestive Ophthalmopathies; Dysthyroid Ophthalmopathies; Edematous Ophthalmopathies; Infiltrative Ophthalmopathies; Infiltrative Ophthalmopathy; Myopathic Ophthalmopathies; Ophthalmopathies, Congestive; Ophthalmopathies, Dysthyroid; Ophthalmopathies, Edematous; Ophthalmopathies, Infiltrative; Ophthalmopathies, Myopathic; Ophthalmopathies, Thyroid Associated; Ophthalmopathy, Congestive; Ophthalmopathy, Dysthyroid; Ophthalmopathy, Edematous; Ophthalmopathy, Graves; Ophthalmopathy, Myopathic; Ophthalmopathy, Thyroid Associated; Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathies; Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy; Ophthalmopathy, Infiltrative; Ophthalmopathy, Thyroid-Associated; Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy

Networked: 1063 relevant articles (84 outcomes, 140 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Optic Nerve Diseases (Optic Neuropathy)
2.	Exophthalmos (Proptosis)
3.	Hyperthyroidism
4.	Hypothyroidism
5.	Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Libman-Sacks Disease)

Experts

1.	Smith, Terry J: 31 articles (03/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Bahn, Rebecca S: 17 articles (10/2015 - 03/2002)
3.	Douglas, Raymond S: 16 articles (09/2014 - 09/2008)
4.	Wall, Jack R: 13 articles (01/2015 - 03/2002)
5.	Wiersinga, Wilmar M: 12 articles (08/2013 - 10/2002)
6.	Pinchera, Aldo: 11 articles (01/2013 - 03/2002)
7.	Marcocci, Claudio: 10 articles (01/2013 - 03/2002)
8.	Pinchera, A: 9 articles (07/2011 - 05/2000)
9.	Wall, J R: 9 articles (07/2006 - 04/2000)
10.	Kumar, Seema: 8 articles (10/2015 - 09/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Graves Ophthalmopathy:

1.	Methylprednisolone FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2006 - "This infiltrative ophthalmopathy showed marked improvement after additional treatment with high-dose methylprednisolone and orbital radiation, in parallel with a decrease in TBII. " 12/01/1987 - "This preliminary study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of high-dose iv methylprednisolone pulse therapy in 5 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. " 11/01/2014 - "A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of methylprednisolone pulse therapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy. " 02/01/1993 - "To investigate the efficacy of intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy on Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), fifteen patients with severe GO were treated with large dose intravenous methylprednisolone (at a daily dosage of 1 g for 3 successive days). " 03/01/2015 - "Use of MRI signal intensity of extraocular muscles to evaluate methylprednisolone pulse therapy in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy."
2.	Troleandomycin (TAO)FDA Link 01/01/1992 - "To investigate the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), 51 patients with TAO were evaluated by ophthalmologic examinations and MRI at 0.5 T. " 09/01/2015 - "This study aimed to screen potential genes related to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and get a further understanding about the pathogenesis of this disease. " 05/01/2014 - "Previous studies have extensively investigated the pathophysiology, genetics, and lifestyle risk factors of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). " 01/01/2014 - "The aim of the present study was to identify a new candidate anti-inflammatory compound for use in the active stage of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). " 10/01/2010 - "Patient who developed or got worse of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) at any time point during the 4-year study period (TAO group) had lower QoL when no respect was paid to the mode of treatment. "
3.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 05/15/2004 - "These data demonstrate that corticosteroids are effective in reduction of peripheral oxidative stress present in infiltrative Graves' ophthalmopathy, but this effect tends to be transient." 11/01/2003 - "Corticosteroids seem to be an effective treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy compared to other treatments currently available. " 11/01/2003 - "The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy in comparison to other treatment modalities. " 03/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy treated with corticosteroids. " 05/15/2004 - "This study was undertaken to investigate corticosteroids treatment influence on blood extracellular indices of ROS metabolism in Graves' ophthalmopathy patients. "
4.	SteroidsIBA 12/01/1996 - "To evaluate the efficacy of high-dose intravenous steroid pulse followed by oral steroids in the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, we performed clinical assessment and measurement of retroorbital muscle enlargement in 27 patients before and after the therapy, and followed them up longitudinally. " 10/01/2005 - "Combined orbital irradiation and systemic steroids compared with systemic steroids alone in the management of moderate-to-severe Graves' ophthalmopathy: a preliminary study." 12/01/2015 - "Smoking was associated with poor response to intravenous steroids therapy in Graves' ophthalmopathy." 10/01/2014 - "Current clinical practice for Graves' ophthalmopathy will greatly benefit from the availability of immunosuppressors that act as disease-modifying drugs, as compared to steroids, the current standard treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy. " 09/01/2011 - "One of its manifestations, Graves' ophthalmopathy whose pathophysiology is unknown, represents one of the greatest therapeutic challenges in these patients, because they require aggressive treatment with steroids and multiple subsequent reconstructive surgeries in certain cases. "
5.	Octreotide (Sandostatin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1999 - "We conclude that octreotide seems to be a safe and effective drug in Graves' ophthalmopathy, especially in improving soft tissue involvement, and can be used in patients who are unresponsive to glucocorticoid treatment or who cannot use these drugs for some reason." 12/01/2006 - "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of long-acting release octreotide for treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy." 12/01/2004 - "Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of octreotide long-acting repeatable (LAR) in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy." 08/01/1999 - "In this study, nine patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy with positive clinical activity score (CAS), who were either unresponsive or not suitable for glucocorticoid treatment, were given 100 microg of octreotide three times daily, subcutaneously, for three months. " 09/01/2005 - "Analysis of peripheral blood T-cell subsets in active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: absence of effect of octreotide-LAR on T-cell subsets in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy."
6.	GlucocorticoidsIBA 01/01/2013 - "To assess the efficacy of intermittent, high-dose treatment with intravenous glucocorticoids (IV GCs) in moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). " 06/01/2014 - "A prospective, randomized trial of intravenous glucocorticoids therapy with different protocols for patients with graves' ophthalmopathy." 07/01/2014 - "Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune condition primarily managed with prolonged courses of glucocorticoids, which can be associated with significant side effects. " 06/01/2014 - "For patients with active moderate-to-severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), a course of 4.5 g iv glucocorticoids (GCs) is the recommended therapy. " 01/01/2012 - " Immunosuppression with glucocorticoids is the method of choice in the treatment of active Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). "
7.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 08/01/1997 - "These data suggest that IVIG is safe and effective in reducing the eye changes in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy." 01/01/1992 - "These preliminary results suggest that IVIG is safe and effective in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy." 05/01/2001 - "[Intravenous immunoglobulins treatment of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy]." 09/01/1992 - "Three patients affected with Graves' ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxoedema have been treated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins. " 01/01/1994 - "Seven patients affected by Graves' ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxedema (four patients with nodular form, two with diffuse, and one with elephanthiasic form) have been treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins. "
8.	rituximab (Mabthera)FDA Link 12/01/2014 - "Two randomized trials on the efficacy of rituximab in moderate-to-severe Graves ophthalmopathy have reported conflicting results. " 04/01/2006 - "Efficacy of rituximab treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy as a result of intraorbital B-cell depletion in one patient unresponsive to steroid immunosuppression." 07/01/2014 - "Rituximab (Rituxan) therapy for severe thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy diminishes IGF-1R(+) T cells." 01/01/2013 - "Rituximab for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy." 01/01/2010 - "Rituximab treatment of patients with severe, corticosteroid-resistant thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy."
9.	Triamcinolone (Aristocort)FDA Link 02/01/2012 - "Repeated subconjunctival injection of triamcinolone is an effective and safe treatment for upper-lid retraction due to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy." 01/01/2013 - "Treatment of upper eyelid retraction related to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy using subconjunctival triamcinolone injections." 02/01/2012 - "To evaluate the efficacy and safety of repeated subconjunctival injections of triamcinolone in the treatment of upper-lid retraction with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. " 11/01/2004 - "Treatment of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy with periocular injections of triamcinolone." 02/01/2009 - "In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of peribulbar triamcinolone injections to treat inflammatory signs of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with moderate to severe GO and associated optic neuropathy (ON). "
10.	Prednisone (Sone)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1993 - "During the last four years (1990-1994) the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy from the study group were treated with Prednisone after radioiodine therapy; this corticotherapy contributes to the lower percentage (1.5%) of worsening Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy." 05/01/2014 - "Diagnostic accuracy of short-time inversion recovery sequence in Graves' Ophthalmopathy before and after prednisone treatment." 09/01/2005 - "[Treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: comparative study between prednisone and COP therapy]." 02/01/2001 - "Two-thirds of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) respond to immunosuppressive treatment (prednisone or orbital irradiation), but one-third do not respond. " 07/01/1997 - "The CAS was determined by an opthalmologist before, on the day of, and after the start of either oral prednisone or retrobulbar irradiation in 43 patients with moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Decompression 07/01/2003 - "The authors conclude that three-wall orbital decompression can be effective in improving the vision of patients with Graves ophthalmopathy whose vision failed to improve with conservative therapy." 05/06/2002 - "Transcranial two-wall orbital decompression is effective in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and complications seem rare. " 02/01/1993 - "Transantral decompression of the orbit offers a safe and effective therapeutic modality for vision-threatening Graves' ophthalmopathy." 01/01/2012 - "Endoscopic orbital decompression is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy." 11/01/2004 - "Endoscopic orbital decompression with removal of the medial orbital wall and medial part of the floor in the five reported eyes was an effective and safe procedure for treatment of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. "
2.	Radiotherapy 06/01/2007 - "A 70-year-old man with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy showed inflammatory swelling of the left inferior oblique muscle that was significantly improved by steroid pulse therapy and radiotherapy. " 08/01/2001 - "In conclusion, high-dose iv glucocorticoid and oral glucocorticoid (associated with orbital radiotherapy) are effective in the management of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy, but the iv route seems to be more effective and better tolerated than the oral route and associated with a lower rate of side effects." 09/01/2001 - "Although widely used for more than 85 years, the efficacy of radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) has not been established convincingly. " 05/26/2015 - "Moderate-to-severe Graves' ophthalmopathy may be relieved by pulsed intravenous glucocorticoid with or without orbital radiotherapy. " 10/01/2012 - "To evaluate the efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) with total dose of 20 Gy (RT 20 Gy) in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. "
3.	Plasma Exchange 01/01/1988 - "In conclusion, intensive plasma exchange provided prompt and effective improvement in patients with severe progressive Graves' ophthalmopathy. " 01/01/1986 - "In conclusion, intensive plasma exchange provided prompt and effective improvement in patients with severe progressive Graves' ophthalmopathy. " 01/01/1990 - "Plasma exchange in Graves' ophthalmopathy." 01/01/1989 - "Plasma exchange therapy for severe Graves' ophthalmopathy." 01/01/1988 - "The data suggest that plasma exchange may represent the best primary treatment for severe progressive Graves' ophthalmopathy."
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 08/01/2013 - "Decellularized porcine-derived membrane, a bioengineered graft, is effective for the management of lower lid retraction in patients with Graves ophthalmopathy. " 08/01/2013 - "To investigate the efficacy of decellularized porcine-derived membrane (tarSys; IOP Inc), a bioengineered eyelid spacer graft, for lower lid retraction correction in patients with Graves ophthalmopathy. " 06/01/1991 - "The efficacy of scleral grafts for eyelid lengthening in patients with thyroid related upper and/or lower lid retraction was evaluated in 62 consecutive patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy who underwent lid surgery in the last 3.5 years. " 08/01/2013 - "This was a retrospective review of patients with Graves ophthalmopathy undergoing lower eyelid retraction surgery using decellularized porcine-derived membrane bioengineered eyelid spacer grafts from 2008 through 2011. " 08/01/2013 - "Correction of lower lid retraction using tarSys bioengineered grafts for graves ophthalmopathy."
5.	Thyroidectomy 03/01/2002 - "In conclusion, total thyroidectomy can be performed as safely as subtotal thyroidectomy and is more effective for Graves' ophthalmopathy than subtotal thyroidectomy. " 10/01/2011 - "Studies have evaluated the effect of thyroidectomy on the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) but it is unclear how GO as an indication might affect surgical outcomes. " 09/01/2015 - "Development of Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy in Patients Who Underwent Total Thyroidectomy." 04/01/2012 - "Time course of Graves' ophthalmopathy after total thyroidectomy alone or followed by radioiodine therapy: a 2-year longitudinal study." 04/01/2007 - "A 46-year-old female patient with previously recognized Graves' ophthalmopathy, underwent total thyroidectomy. "