Labor Pain

Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.

Also Known As:

Networked: 354 relevant articles (32 outcomes, 57 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia)
3.	Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Pain)
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
5.	Fetal Distress

Experts

1.	Kuczkowski, Krzysztof M: 8 articles (05/2012 - 02/2004)
2.	Van de Velde, M: 5 articles (11/2009 - 01/2000)
3.	Kuczkowski, K M: 4 articles (10/2007 - 09/2004)
4.	Mårtensson, Lena: 3 articles (12/2010 - 12/2006)
5.	Benhamou, D: 3 articles (09/2010 - 01/2002)
6.	Okutomi, Toshiyuki: 3 articles (03/2010 - 10/2002)
7.	Halpern, Stephen H: 3 articles (01/2010 - 03/2003)
8.	Chen, Li-Kuei: 3 articles (12/2009 - 09/2006)
9.	Gilsanz, F: 3 articles (08/2009 - 05/2004)
10.	Ezri, Tiberiu: 3 articles (06/2007 - 01/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Labor Pain:

1.	Meperidine (Pethidine)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2003 - "A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of pethidine on labor pain, uterine contractions and infant Apgar score." 01/01/2015 - "Comparing the impact of acupuncture and pethidine on reducing labor pain." 04/01/1970 - "A consideration of labor pain and a patient-controlled technique for its relief with meperidine." 12/22/1977 - " The group discussed family planning services with hospital personnel and learned 1) IUD insertions were performed by trained midwives; 2) midwives conducted childbirth classes for pregnant women; 3) labor was induced primarily with herbal medicines; and 4) women were prepared to cope with labor pain through ideological education although acupuncture and pethidine were sometimes used to reduce pain." 01/01/1985 - "Meptazinol has been shown to be effective in the treatment of obstetric pain where it was preferred to pethidine because of its rapid elimination from the neonate. "
2.	Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2003 - "Both continuous infusion and intermittent injection of low dose bupivacaine are very good methods of relieving labor pain in our context. " 03/05/1989 - "It was established that this method of obstetric pain relief uses about 30% less bupivacaine than the classical method. " 11/01/1989 - "[Maternal and neonatal bupivacaine plasma levels in peridural anesthesia for relief of labor pain]." 12/01/2009 - "We examined whether the addition of fentanyl to a loading dose of 0.0625% bupivacaine could provide dose-dependent analgesic effects on early-stage labor pain. " 04/01/2004 - "When associated to 2.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine, there is no benefit in administering more than 2.5 microg of sufentanil for labor pain relief."
3.	ropivacaine (Naropin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2009 - "The total dose of ropivacaine required for labor pain in Group E (3) and Group E (30) was insignificantly smaller than the total dose required in Group E (60) and Group E (90). " 01/01/2014 - "Thus, ropivacaine appears to be an important option for regional anesthesia and for the management of postoperative and labor pain, with its enhanced sensorimotor differentiation blockage at lower concentrations and enhanced safety at higher concentrations. " 10/01/2002 - "Prior to the induction of the labor, two catheters were inserted into T 11 bilateral paravertebral spaces, then 0.2% ropivacaine 10 ml was administered in each side, followed by the infusion at 5 ml.hr-1 each for the management of first stage of labor pain. " 12/01/2001 - "The conclusion is drawn that a lower concentration of ropivacaine (0.08%) in LEA produces good labor pain relief with no detectable adverse effects on mother and neonate, and without significantly increasing cesarean section rate." 01/01/2000 - "Analgesia for labor pain with ropivacaine."
4.	Fentanyl (Sublimaze)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2013 - "Fentanyl i.v.-PCA could be a useful approach for labor pain relief in nulliparas when regional blocks are unavailable." 12/01/2009 - "Optimizing epidural fentanyl loading dose for early labor pain." 01/01/1989 - "Obstetric pain relief using fentanyl epidurally is a safe and efficient method. " 01/01/1989 - "[Adaptive behavior of mature newborn infants following obstetric pain control with peridural fentanyl]." 01/01/1987 - "[Epidural administration of fentanyl--a possibility for controlling labor pain]."
5.	remifentanil (Ultiva)FDA Link 09/01/2000 - "In this preliminary investigation, we evaluated the safety and analgesic efficacy of IV remifentanil for labor pain. " 10/01/2015 - "The clinical efficacy and side effects of remifentanil in the management of labor pain had been evaluated. " 06/01/2015 - "Remifentanil is a relatively new but commonly used opioid alternative in the management of labor pain relief. " 03/01/2014 - "The optimal dosing regimen of remifentanil for relieving labor pain should achieve maximal efficacy during contractions and little effect between contractions. " 05/01/2013 - "The usage of the systemic opioid remifentanil in relieving the labor pain has attracted much attention recently. "
6.	Sufentanil (Sufenta)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1997 - "Intrathecal sufentanil relieves labor pain but centrally mediated side effects are common. " 03/01/1999 - "Apnea did not occur in parturients who received 4,164 CSE blocks with intrathecal sufentanil (ITS; 10, 15, or 20 microg) for labor pain relief. " 10/01/2015 - "To compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of the sole local anesthetic ropivacaine with the combination of both local anesthetic ropivacaine and opioidergic analgesic sufentanil given epidurally on the labor pain control.After" 03/01/2014 - "Reduction in labor pain by intrathecal midazolam as an adjunct to sufentanil." 04/01/2004 - "When associated to 2.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine, there is no benefit in administering more than 2.5 microg of sufentanil for labor pain relief."
7.	Narcotics (Narcotic Analgesics)IBA 08/01/1997 - "Intrathecal narcotics represent a safe and effective alternative that provides significant, rapid relief of labor pain during the first stage of labor. " 10/01/2001 - "In this study, we evaluated whether LEA causes an increase in the SWU rate compared with a Control group given parenteral narcotics for labor pain. " 08/01/1997 - "Intrathecal narcotics are a relatively recent addition to the list of analgesic options that are available for the management of labor pain. " 07/01/2000 - "This study examined the effectiveness of relief of labor pain obtained by injection of narcotics epidurally once the labor pain begins and the subject requests analgesia. " 03/01/1996 - "This article reviews the history of labor pain control and discusses the introduction of intrathecal narcotics (ITNs), including administration, side effects, and nursing care, in one birthing center. "
8.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 12/01/2012 - "Parenteral opioids provide mild-to-moderate labor pain relief, but cause side effects. " 01/01/2012 - "Is it safe to use opioids for obstetric pain while breastfeeding?" 05/01/2011 - "A review of systemic opioids commonly used for labor pain relief." 05/01/2007 - "Local anaesthetics, opioids and adjuvants are often used for managing labor pain. " 12/01/2002 - "The systemic application of opioids remains unaffected by the local application and its significance is unaltered, even though the effectiveness compared to epidural application in managing labor pain is far inferior. "
9.	Clonidine (ST 155)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2012 - "Subarachnoid clonidine for labor pain: the two sides of the coin." 10/01/2008 - "Intrathecal clonidine for control of labor pain: international perspective." 04/01/2000 - "Effect of epidural clonidine added to epidural sufentanil for labor pain management." 09/01/1998 - "In group 1 labor pain was relieved by prolonged epidural anesthesia with 2% lidocaine solution (2-2.5 mg/kg), in group 2 prolonged epidural anesthesia with 1% lidocaine solution (1 mg/kg) and 0.01% clofelin (1 microgram/kg) was administered. " 02/01/2015 - "Epidural administration of neostigmine and clonidine, following the spinal injection of local anesthetic, has a stronger analgesic effect in managing labor pain and reduces hourly anesthetic consumption. "
10.	Local AnestheticsIBA 06/01/1999 - "Up-down sequential allocation technique to investigate the influence of opioids on the efficacy of epidural local anesthetics in labor pain." 11/01/2001 - "Both epidural local anesthetics and intrathecal opioid reduce some parameters of the neuroendocrine response to labor pain and the reflex release of oxytocin in animals. " 07/01/2000 - "It is generally accepted that epidural injection with local anesthetics and narcotics administered when the cervix has dilated to a diameter exceeding 4 cm can adequately control labor pain. " 09/01/1998 - "Combinations of local anesthetics and opioids are frequently used during spinal and epidural analgesia for the relief of labor pain. " 01/01/2015 - "Epidural analgesia with amide local anesthetics, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl for labor pain relief: a meta-analysis."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Epidural Analgesia 12/01/2011 - "  Although epidural analgesia is widespread and very effective for alleviating labor pain, its use is still controversial, as the literature is inconsistent about the risk of adverse birth outcome after administration of epidural analgesia. " 01/01/2010 - "Epidural analgesia is an extremely effective and popular treatment for labor pain. " 09/01/2012 - "Although there still are some difficulties, complications and controversies, epidural analgesia provides safe and effective labor pain control." 03/01/2008 - "Epidural analgesia (EA) is an effective and safe method to relieve labor pain. " 09/01/2007 - "[Attempt to offer safe and effective epidural analgesia for labor pain at the Hamamatsu University Hospital]."
2.	Analgesia 03/01/2003 - "Neuraxial analgesia is the most effective treatment for labor pain. " 01/01/2008 - "Our study was the first one in Indonesia to assess maternal satisfaction with single-dose spinal analgesia for labor pain. " 01/01/2008 - "The purpose of this study was to assess maternal satisfaction with single-dose spinal analgesia for the management of obstetric pain in Indonesian women. " 01/01/2008 - "Maternal satisfaction with single-dose spinal analgesia for labor pain in Indonesia: a landmark study." 12/01/2015 - " analgesia is effective to control labor pain and, in general, it is safe. "
3.	Massage (Reflexology) 05/01/2010 - "Agonizing, or most severe, labor pain was significantly relieved after massage therapy (p = 0.001). " 08/01/2015 - "Results of this study show that reflexology reduces labor pain intensity, duration of labor, anxiety, frequency distribution of natural delivery and increases Apgar scores. " 01/01/2012 - "No study to date that we are aware of has evaluated the effect of massage therapy by a regulated massage therapist on labor pain. " 12/01/2010 - "Reflexology can lead to decrease in the labor pain. " 05/01/2010 - "The present clinical trial was conducted to compare the effects of massage and music therapies on the severity of labor pain in the Ilam province of western Iran. "
4.	Acupressure (Shiatsu) 12/01/2004 - "These findings showed that SP6 acupressure was effective for decreasing labor pain and shortening the length of delivery time. " 10/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of SP6 acupressure on labor pain and delivery time in primigravida women in labor. " 03/01/2012 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LI4 acupressure on labor pain in the first stage of labor, on labor duration, and on patient satisfaction. " 12/01/2007 - "According to the randomized control trials, we conclude that for the decrease of labor pain and/or reduction of the need for conventional analgesic methods: (i) There is an efficacy found for acupressure and sterile water blocks. " 12/01/2004 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of SP6 acupressure on labor pain and delivery time in women in labor. "
5.	Complementary Therapies (Alternative Medicine) 12/01/2007 - "(iii) Studies for other complementary or alternative therapies for labor pain control have not shown their effectiveness." 07/01/2004 - "The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature for, and critically appraise, randomized controlled trials of any type of complementary and alternative therapies for labor pain. " 02/01/2014 - "The influence of complementary and alternative medicine use in pregnancy on labor pain management choices: results from a nationally representative sample of 1,835 women." 07/01/2004 - "Complementary and alternative medicine for labor pain: a systematic review." 04/01/1997 - "Alternative therapies for labor pain management."