Microscopic Colitis

A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.

Also Known As:

Networked: 319 relevant articles (32 outcomes, 35 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Diarrhea
2.	Necrosis
3.	Crohn Disease (Crohn's Disease)
4.	Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Syndrome, Irritable Bowel)
5.	Celiac Disease (Celiac Sprue)

Experts

1.	Pardi, Darrell S: 17 articles (03/2022 - 05/2003)
2.	Villanacci, Vincenzo: 8 articles (08/2021 - 07/2011)
3.	Bohr, Johan: 7 articles (02/2021 - 01/2013)
4.	Tremaine, William J: 7 articles (11/2017 - 01/2006)
5.	Fernández-Bañares, Fernando: 6 articles (06/2022 - 12/2005)
6.	Münch, Andreas: 6 articles (01/2022 - 03/2019)
7.	Loftus, Edward V: 6 articles (11/2017 - 01/2006)
8.	Pardi, D S: 6 articles (01/2017 - 05/2001)
9.	Miehlke, Stephan: 5 articles (02/2021 - 10/2002)
10.	Khalili, Hamed: 4 articles (06/2022 - 12/2018)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Microscopic Colitis:

1.	Budesonide (Pulmicort)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2019 - "Budesonide has been proven to be an effective treatment for microscopic colitis (MC). " 10/02/2020 - "If symptoms persist, budesonide is a licensed treatment for microscopic colitis which has been shown to be effective in clinical trials and real-world practice." 02/01/2017 - "There are a number of treatments available for patients with microscopic colitis; however, budesonide is the only option well studied in controlled trials and is effective for both induction and maintenance treatment." 06/21/2013 - "The treatment of microscopic colitis is mainly based on the use of budesonide, the only drug found effective in controlled clinical trials. " 01/01/2023 - "The mainstay of treatment for microscopic colitis (MC) is budesonide. "
2.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 04/01/1999 - "Systemic corticosteroids are an effective treatment for microscopic colitis, but may offer only transient improvement in symptoms. " 01/01/2022 - "There is an unmet need in investigating corticosteroid-sparing treatments for induction and maintenance of remission in microscopic colitis (MC). " 10/01/2011 - "We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the short- and long-term efficacy of corticosteroids in treatment of microscopic colitis. " 02/01/2013 - "Outcomes of patients with microscopic colitis treated with corticosteroids: a population-based study." 09/01/2008 - "[Locally acting corticosteroids in microscopic colitis: are they the treatment of choice? "
3.	Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex (Calgranulin)IBA 01/01/2023 - "The utility of fecal calprotectin in diagnosing microscopic colitis is limited. " 01/01/2023 - "The Utility of Fecal Calprotectin in the Diagnosis and Management of Microscopic Colitis." 01/01/2023 - "Fecal calprotectin level in microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis." 12/01/2022 - "Fecal calprotectin - a valuable predictor of microscopic colitis." 12/01/2019 - "Age >60 years (OR, 3.8; CI, 1.4-10.1) and calprotectin levels (OR, 5.3; CI, 2-14.1) were associated with a risk of microscopic colitis. "
4.	Cholestyramine Resin (Questran)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2004 - "The goal of this study was to evaluate the anti-diarrhoeal effect of cholestyramine in non collagenous microscopic colitis. " 09/01/2004 - "Cholestyramine provides a rapid and adequate symptomatic relief of the diarrhoea in non collagenous microscopic colitis." 10/01/2001 - "Patients with microscopic colitis who had BAM as well as a subgroup of eight collagenous colitis patients without BAM received treatment with cholestyramine. " 10/01/2001 - "Cholestyramine induced clinical remission in 19 of 22 patients with microscopic colitis and BAM, none of eight patients with collagenous colitis without BAM, and all patients with previously unexplained chronic diarrhea and BAM. " 06/01/2019 - " April 1991 to March 2017, after exclusion of other relevant causes for chronic diarrhea like IBD, celiac disease or microscopic colitis, 70 patients with a positive trial treatment of cholestyramine were identified for evaluation. "
5.	Bile Acids and Salts (Bile Acids)IBA 11/01/2023 - "Bile acid sequestrants (BAS) may be a treatment in microscopic colitis (MC), but efficacy data are limited. " 11/01/2023 - "Bile Acid Sequestrants in Microscopic Colitis: Clinical Outcomes and Utility of Bile Acid Testing." 06/28/2022 - "Baseline Shannon Index was lower in diarrhoea groups than in healthy controls (p = 0.0025); there were no differences between microscopic colitis, bile-acid diarrhoea and functional diarrhoea. " 06/28/2022 - "Considering patients with persisting diarrhoea after colonoscopy, 71% of non-microscopic colitis patients had bile acid diarrhoea. " 01/01/2004 - "Even a macroscopically normal mucosa on endoscopy can have abnormalities such as microscopic colitis and bile acid malabsorption (BAM). "
6.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 12/01/2011 - "The efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy for microscopic colitis has never been reported. " 08/07/2015 - "Response rate 66%-100% was observed for use of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy for refractory microscopic colitis. " 04/01/2008 - "Human leucocyte antigen and TNFalpha polymorphism association in microscopic colitis." 11/21/2012 - "The use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents, infliximab and adalimumab, constitutes a new, interesting tool for the treatment of microscopic colitis, but larger, adequately designed studies are needed to confirm existing data." 09/04/2023 - "Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) inhibitors and the α4β7 integrin antagonist, vedolizumab, have been investigated as treatment options for patients with steroid-refractory microscopic colitis. "
7.	Beclomethasone (Beclometasone)FDA Link 11/01/2019 - "Beclomethasone dipropionate in microscopic colitis: Results of an exploratory open-label multicentre study (COLCO)." 01/01/2020 - "Successful use of beclometasone dipropionate for the treatment of microscopic colitis." 04/03/2019 - "Topical beclometasone dipropionate in the management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced microscopic colitis." 04/01/2013 - "At present, oral budesonide is the first-line therapy to induce remission in microscopic colitis and mild to moderate ileocaecal CD patients and oral beclomethasone is effective treating mild to moderate UC patients with left-sided or extensive disease. " 04/01/2013 - "Currently, topically acting oral steroids are an important therapeutic option for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and microscopic colitis, being oral budesonide and oral beclomethasone established elements of the IBD armamentarium. "
8.	cyclopropapyrroloindoleIBA 11/07/2019 - "Microscopic colitis patients tolerating further CPI received, on average, 4.2 CPI infusions more than non-microscopic colitis patients tolerating CPI (5.8 vs 1.6, p = 0.03). " 11/07/2019 - "Microscopic colitis patients more frequently remained on CPI after developing (entero)colitis (76.9% vs 16.0%, p < 0.001). " 11/07/2019 - "We identified 38 patients with biopsy confirmed CPI enterocolitis, 13 in the microscopic colitis cohort, and 25 in the non-microscopic colitis cohort. " 11/07/2019 - "Whether patients with CPI microscopic colitis could be managed differently from colitis with more severe mucosal involvement is unclear. " 11/07/2019 - "The objective of this study was to describe outcomes in CPI microscopic colitis focusing on the response to first line treatment with budesonide. "
9.	Pentoxifylline (Trental)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2017 - "Larger controlled studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline and predictors of response in microscopic colitis. " 11/01/2017 - "Our goal was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with microscopic colitis treated with pentoxifylline. " 11/01/2017 - "Case report: Pentoxifylline treatment in microscopic colitis." 11/01/2017 - "The majority of budesonide-experienced patients with active microscopic colitis did not respond to pentoxifylline. "
10.	SteroidsIBA 08/07/2015 - "There is limited data on management of steroid-dependent microscopic colitis or refractory microscopic colitis. " 10/01/2022 - "This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of biologic therapy in the treatment of steroid-refractory microscopic colitis (MC). " 01/01/2007 - "Microscopic colitis with granuloma which responded to steroid therapy." 09/04/2023 - "Vedolizumab and anti-TNF-α agents demonstrated a clinical benefit in the treatment of steroid-refractory microscopic colitis and with a tolerable safety profile. " 09/04/2023 - "To evaluate the benefit of vedolizumab and TNF-α inhibitors in patients with steroid-refractory microscopic colitis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 12/01/2011 - "Efficacy of anti-TNF therapies in refractory severe microscopic colitis." 01/01/2023 - "Efficacy and safety of medical therapies in microscopic colitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis." 01/01/2021 - "Microscopic colitis (MC) has become a disease with increased awareness due to the availability of new data about the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of this disease. " 01/01/2017 - "Immune modulator therapy for microscopic colitis in a case series of 73 patients." 12/01/2011 - "Microscopic colitis with severe symptoms refractory to standard medical therapy including immunosuppressives is uncommon. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/01/2007 - "Microscopic colitis can be successfully treated with pharmacotherapy. " 02/01/2022 - "difficile), several diseases and medications can cause or predispose individuals to PC, such as microscopic colitis, infectious organisms, inflammatory conditions, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and chemotherapy agents. " 03/01/2007 - "Pharmacotherapy for microscopic colitis." 01/19/2021 - "It was found that bismuth has potential utility for diarrheal relief in multiple settings, including microscopic colitis, traveler's diarrhea, gastrointestinal infection, cancer, and chemotherapy. " 05/01/2010 - "We describe colitis due to antibiotics, NSAIDS, laxatives, vasoconstrictive agents, oestroprogestatives, chemotherapy and drugs induced microscopic colitis. "
3.	Immunotherapy 11/07/2019 - "First-line budesonide appears effective in controlling "microscopic colitis" symptoms and prolonging immunotherapy duration. "
4.	Cholecystectomy 11/01/2021 - "Cholecystectomy was less common in cases, aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.17-0.64, but microscopic colitis cases had more frequent bowel movements following cholecystectomy. " 08/01/2006 - "Cholecystectomy preceded the diagnosis of microscopic colitis in 12 cases (9%) compared with 17 (13%) in the control group (odds ratio [OR] 0.7; 95% CI 0.3-1.5). " 08/01/2006 - "However, the association between cholecystectomy and microscopic colitis has not been studied. " 08/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to assess cholecystectomy and appendectomy as potential risk factors for the development of microscopic colitis in a nested case-control study. " 08/01/2006 - "In this population-based nested case-control study, no significant association was seen between cholecystectomy or appendectomy and the development of microscopic colitis or its subtypes."
5.	Appendectomy 01/01/2023 - "Appendectomy and Future Risk of Microscopic Colitis: Correlation or Causation?" 01/01/2023 - "Appendectomy and Future Risk of Microscopic Colitis: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Sweden." 08/01/2006 - "Appendectomy preceded the diagnosis of microscopic colitis in 39 subjects (30%) compared with 28 (22%) in the control group (OR 1.6; 95% CI 0.9-2.7). " 08/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to assess cholecystectomy and appendectomy as potential risk factors for the development of microscopic colitis in a nested case-control study. " 08/01/2006 - "In this population-based nested case-control study, no significant association was seen between cholecystectomy or appendectomy and the development of microscopic colitis or its subtypes."