Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Narrowing of the pyloric canal due to HYPERTROPHY of the surrounding circular muscle. It is usually seen in infants or young children.

Also Known As:

Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic; IHPS1 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 1; Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis; Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis; Primary Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis; Pyloric Stenosis, Infantile; Pyloric Stenosis, Infantile Hypertrophic; Pyloric Stenosis, Infantile Hypertrophic 1; Stenosis, Hypertrophic Pyloric; Infantile Pyloric Stenoses; Infantile Pyloric Stenosis; Stenosis, Infantile Pyloric

Networked: 458 relevant articles (16 outcomes, 59 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Digestive System Diseases: 1042
- Gastrointestinal Diseases: 5874
  - Stomach Diseases: 869
    - Gastric Outlet Obstruction: 1035
      - Pyloric Stenosis: 658
        Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: 458
        2 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
        3 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
        4 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
        5 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Related Diseases

1.	Vomiting
2.	Necrotizing Enterocolitis
3.	Hypertrophy
4.	Gastroparesis
5.	Gastrointestinal Diseases (Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders)

Experts

1.	Hall, Nigel J: 5 articles (12/2020 - 11/2004)
2.	St Peter, Shawn D: 4 articles (10/2022 - 12/2015)
3.	Muensterer, Oliver J: 4 articles (05/2021 - 07/2010)
4.	Pierro, Agostino: 4 articles (10/2018 - 11/2004)
5.	Puri, P: 4 articles (08/2001 - 02/2000)
6.	Hendrickson, Richard J: 3 articles (10/2022 - 10/2005)
7.	Lee, Steven L: 3 articles (01/2020 - 07/2005)
8.	Krogh, Camilla: 3 articles (03/2014 - 01/2011)
9.	Melbye, Mads: 3 articles (03/2014 - 01/2011)
10.	Adibe, Obinna O: 3 articles (07/2010 - 10/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis:

1.	Atropine FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2013 - "Several studies have suggested that i.v. atropine has a potential role in treating infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). " 12/01/2023 - "This report describes a rare case of congenital infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in preterm dizygotic twins diagnosed early, in which the first case presented with severe clinical features and managed surgically while the second presented with moderate features and hence managed non-operatively with atropine for 14 days. " 10/01/2018 - "Atropine Treatment for Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." 01/01/2017 - "Atropine has been used as a successful primary medical treatment for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. " 07/01/2016 - "From January 2010 to June 2013, 49 children with idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were divided into two groups to accept either atropine ST (ST group, n = 26) or laparoscopic surgery (operation group, n = 23). "
2.	ElectrolytesIBA 04/01/2015 - "Most infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis are diagnosed early, prior to significant electrolyte abnormalities; however, continued improvement in awareness is necessary given that a fourth of patients are diagnosed after over 1 week of symptoms." 01/01/1992 - "Alterations in serum electrolytes in congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a study in Nigerian children." 10/01/1959 - "The prognostic significance of electrolyte and weight studies in congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis." 04/01/2013 - "Electrolyte profile of pediatric patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis." 08/01/1983 - "The spectrum of serum electrolytes in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis."
3.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 12/01/2013 - "To analyze the applicability of US-guided rectus sheath block and to find out the efficacy of analgesia provided using this method without the need for opioids in conventional Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) surgery in infants. " 06/01/2009 - "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) associated with metabolic alkalosis, could induce late anesthesia recovery, especially when opioids are used. " 01/01/2016 - "During the perioperative care of infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, an opioid-sparing technique is often advocated due to concerns such as postoperative hypoventilation and apnea. "
4.	NitritesIBA 05/01/2006 - "Low plasma nitrite in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis patients." 01/01/2021 - "Increasing evidence demonstrates that breast milk rich in nitrite can be effective in the prevention of neonatal infections and gastrointestinal diseases such as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and necrotizing enterocolitis, suggesting that breastfeeding is advantageous for newborns at risk, given the physiological role of nitrite in the early postnatal period. "
5.	GastrinsIBA 03/01/1979 - "The aim of this study was to look for a difference in fasting serum gastrin levels or in serum gastrin response to oral feeding between infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and normal controls. " 11/01/1978 - "The results of our study minimize the direct importance of serum gastrin in the production of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. " 09/01/1978 - "The results from this study suggest a relationship between gastrin and idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis." 04/01/1978 - "A study was designed and carried out to determine if the canine model of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is applicable to other species and to demonstrate the transplacental passage of gastrin. " 08/01/1984 - "Serum gastrin levels and lower oesophageal sphincter pressures in infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis."
6.	MacrolidesIBA 03/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyze the association between infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) and macrolides. " 08/19/2014 - "The difficulty in evaluating all findings in study on use of macrolides in mother and child and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis." 01/01/2003 - "This study therefore examined whether macrolides, transmitted via breast milk, increase the risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in neonates. " 03/01/2019 - "Association between exposure to macrolides and the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis." 02/04/2019 - "The association between macrolides use and subsequent occurrence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is still debatable. "
7.	BariumIBA 06/01/2011 - "Abdominal ultrasonography has replaced barium studies in establishing the diagnosis in difficult cases of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). " 04/01/1991 - "Barium meal studies demonstrated fixed narrowing of the pyloric canal similar to infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. " 04/01/2007 - "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is familiar to most pediatric and general practitioners, it is a pathology where the radiologist nowadays has a key role confirming the clinical suspicion based in ultrasound and upper-gastrointestinal barium examinations. " 08/01/1996 - "Plain abdominal x-ray, barium upper gastrointestinal series and abdominal ultrasonography all supported the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. " 01/01/1992 - "The olive on end: a useful variant of the "shoulder" sign in the barium X-ray diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis."
8.	Pentagastrin (Peptavlon)FDA Link 11/01/1978 - "Several experimental studies have been reported within the past few years describing the production of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the offspring of dogs injected with pentagastrin during pregnancy. " 04/01/1974 - "Proceedings: The role of pentagastrin in the production of canine hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and pyloroduodenal ulceration." 01/17/1970 - "Production of duodenal ulcers and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by administration of pentagastrin to pregnant and newborn dogs." 04/01/1978 - "Results of the study show that (1) pentagastrin does not induce hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the rabbit; (2) human gastrin does not cross the canine placenta, and (3) gastrin has no documented and little inferred role in the etiology of CHPS."
9.	Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I (Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase)IBA 10/01/2011 - "Genomic variants in the coding region of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis." 05/01/2006 - "There is now substantial evidence that reduced expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). " 05/01/1998 - "Neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS, is not linked to infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in three families." 02/01/1996 - "The etiological role of the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in infantile pyloric stenosis (PS) was investigated by analysis of two intragenic polymorphisms (NOS1a and NOS1b) in 27 families. " 02/01/1996 - "Genetic evidence for the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS1) as a susceptibility locus for infantile pyloric stenosis."
10.	Nitric Oxide Synthase (NO Synthase)IBA 07/01/2001 - "[Role of nitric oxide synthase in the etiopathogenesis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants]" 01/01/2000 - "A possible role of the plasmalemmal cytoskeleton, nitric oxide synthase, and innervation in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis." 11/01/1998 - "A possible role of the plasmalemmal cytoskeleton, nitric oxide synthase, and innervation in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. " 11/01/1995 - "Perinatal nitric oxide synthase inhibition retards neonatal growth by inducing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in rats." 08/20/1992 - "We suggest that a lack of nitric oxide synthase in pyloric tissue is responsible for pylorospasm in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Pyloromyotomy 08/01/2012 - "There is an ongoing debate about whether laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LP) or open pyloromyotomy (OP) is the best option for treating hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). " 01/01/2012 - "Although open Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy is the gold standard for the surgical management of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, laparoscopic pyloromyotomy has been found highly successful. " 07/01/1981 - "Pyloromyotomy in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is shown to be a very effective treatment for this potentially lethal condition and must rank as one of the most cost-effective forms of treatment in medical practice." 06/01/1998 - "We set out to determine whether laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LPM) is superior to open pyloromyotomy (OPM) in babies with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). " 08/13/2021 - "Open and laparoscopic pyloromyotomy are equally safe and effective in treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. "
2.	Conservative Treatment 06/01/2008 - "Ultrasound follow-up of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) during conservative therapy: ultrasound findings as criteria for diagnosis and cure." 10/01/2004 - "[Conservative treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in children]." 09/01/2001 - "Sonography, including color Doppler sonography, is a valuable tool for monitoring infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis undergoing conservative treatment; however, initial sonograms cannot predict the further course of the disease." 05/01/1981 - "Conservative management of infantile pyloric stenosis by nasoduodenal feeding." 07/01/1963 - "[On the results of surgical and conservative treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants. "
3.	Myotomy 07/01/2003 - "Redo operation for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is rare and is often caused by incomplete myotomy or accidental duodenal perforation." 08/01/1977 - "Myenteric plexuses and smooth muscle of the pylorus obtained by biopsy at pyloro myotomy in 5 infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were studied by electron microscopy. " 01/01/2013 - "Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LP) for Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) is associated with an increased risk of mucosal tears or incomplete myotomy when compared with open myotomy. " 09/14/2023 - "Gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) is reported to be a promising treatment for refractory gastroparesis, on the other hand, it is also an effective treatment for congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (CHPS). "
4.	Fluid Therapy (Oral Rehydration Therapy) 09/01/1988 - "The combination of preoperative rehydration, skilled anaesthesia, and the use of the Fredet-Ramstedt operation (pyloromyotomy) have virtually eliminated mortality from uncomplicated infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. " 08/01/1976 - "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is best treated surgically, after an appropriate period of rehydration and resuscitation. "
5.	Analgesia 12/01/2013 - "To analyze the applicability of US-guided rectus sheath block and to find out the efficacy of analgesia provided using this method without the need for opioids in conventional Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) surgery in infants. "