Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (Hypertension, Pregnancy Induced)

A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (>140 mm Hg) and diastolic (>90 mm Hg) blood pressure on at least two occasions 6 h apart. HYPERTENSION complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies, generally after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension can be divided into several broad categories according to the complexity and associated symptoms, such as EDEMA; PROTEINURIA; SEIZURES; abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION and liver functions.

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Networked: 1703 relevant articles (44 outcomes, 269 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia)
2.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
3.	Proteinuria
4.	Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (Hypertension, Pregnancy Induced)
5.	Gestational Diabetes (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus)

Experts

1.	Nicolaides, Kypros H: 8 articles (07/2012 - 01/2009)
2.	Minakami, Hisanori: 6 articles (10/2015 - 01/2004)
3.	Nicolaides, K H: 6 articles (10/2014 - 10/2000)
4.	Granger, Joey P: 6 articles (10/2014 - 02/2002)
5.	Lip, Gregory Y H: 6 articles (01/2012 - 01/2004)
6.	Kotlabova, Katerina: 5 articles (06/2015 - 01/2013)
7.	Hromadnikova, Ilona: 5 articles (06/2015 - 01/2013)
8.	Krofta, Ladislav: 5 articles (06/2015 - 01/2013)
9.	Hympanova, Lucie: 5 articles (06/2015 - 01/2013)
10.	Tanus-Santos, Jose E: 5 articles (05/2015 - 07/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension:

1.	CalciumIBA 12/01/1999 - "To assess the efficacy of urinary calcium and albumin output in 24 hours for prediction of the occurrence of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). " 12/01/1999 - "[The clinical study on urinary albumin and calcium output in 24 hours to serve as early markers for pregnancy induced hypertension]." 11/01/1995 - "To study the predictive value of urinary calcium excretion on occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). " 10/23/1992 - "The aim of the study was to evaluate the calcium metabolism in pregnancy-induced hypertension. " 04/01/1988 - "Randomized clinical trials showing a reduction in the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension with calcium supplementation have not as yet been published. "
2.	Dietary CalciumIBA 06/01/1995 - "The purpose of this study is to clarify whether the taking of a calcium dietary supplement is able to prevent the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in Japanese people. " 06/01/1989 - "Previous studies have suggested that increased dietary calcium is associated with a decreased occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension. " 05/01/2000 - "Dietary calcium and pregnancy-induced hypertension: is there a relation?" 06/01/1995 - "Prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension by calcium dietary supplement: a preliminary report." 08/01/1992 - "Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relationship between dietary calcium intake and gestational hypertension. "
3.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1987 - "Recent clinical studies have reported a significant reduction in the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension after the ingestion of low-dose aspirin. " 11/01/1995 - "We conducted a double blind prospective randomized study to investigate the effect of low dose aspirin in preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension. " 06/01/1994 - "A study of use of low dose aspirin in prevention of pregnancy induced hypertension." 11/01/1990 - "The effect of low doses of aspirin on women with mild pregnancy-induced hypertension was investigated by means of a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. " 08/10/1989 - "We carried out a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the capacity of aspirin to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension and to alter prostaglandin metabolism. "
4.	Nifedipine (Adalat)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2000 - "To determine the efficacy of Nifedipine on postpartum blood Loss in patients with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH). " 01/01/2006 - "The effect of nifedipine on fetal-placental blood flow at 22-24 weeks in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) was evaluated. " 02/10/2003 - "Seventeen healthy patients with singleton pregnancies and 12 non-proteinuric patients with gestational hypertension treated with nifedipine were enrolled consecutively from our University Hospital from January 2000 to January 2001. " 02/10/2003 - "To assess the variation of body composition at term in patients with normal pregnancy and patients with gestational hypertension (GH) treated with nifedipine. " 03/01/2000 - "[The effect of Nifedipine on postpartum blood loss in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension]."
5.	Magnesium Sulfate (Sulfate, Magnesium)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1993 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of magnesium sulfate on maternal and fetal blood flow in pregnancy-induced hypertension. " 07/01/2014 - "The patient had received magnesium sulfate with a diagnosis of pregnancy-induced hypertension since 20 weeks of gestation. " 12/01/1993 - "This case report describes a patient who ingested magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) for approximately four days as a treatment for pregnancy-induced hypertension. " 10/01/1993 - "Twelve patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension were prospectively studied with transcranial pulsed Doppler and transabdominal color flow Doppler before and after infusion of a 6 gram intravenous loading dose of magnesium sulfate. " 10/01/1993 - "The effect of magnesium sulfate on maternal and fetal blood flow in pregnancy-induced hypertension."
6.	MagnesiumIBA 01/01/1991 - "Magnesium appeared to be beneficial in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. " 04/01/1987 - "Magnesium (Mg) is effective in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). " 01/01/2014 - "A study was performed to assess the relation between pregnancy induced hypertension, excretion of urinary magnesium and expression of magnesium sensitive genes (MgSG). " 09/01/1998 - "Because magnesium is often administered to mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension, a condition associated with reduction in severe IVH, the independent neuroprotective role of magnesium remains unclear and warrants additional studies." 01/01/1991 - "The effects of magnesium were compared with those of placebo in a randomized double-blind controlled study of 58 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension, of whom 27 received magnesium and 31 placebo. "
7.	Labetalol (Normodyne)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1989 - "Labetalol appears to be an effective agent in the management of mild to moderate pregnancy-induced hypertension. " 12/01/1992 - "To determine the need for, and efficacy of, treatment with labetalol in women with mild-to-moderate pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). " 12/01/1992 - "Anti-hypertensive intervention therapy in pregnancy induced hypertension has been examined using a placebo controlled randomised double-blind trial of labetalol in pregnancy. " 12/01/1992 - "A randomised placebo controlled trial of labetalol in the treatment of mild to moderate pregnancy induced hypertension." 01/01/1989 - "The fetal outcome in a randomized double-blind controlled trial of labetalol versus placebo in pregnancy-induced hypertension."
8.	Antihypertensive Agents (Antihypertensives)IBA 01/01/1990 - "A better understanding of the hemodynamic abnormalities in gestational hypertension together with the use of effective antihypertensive agents have resulted in more rational therapeutic approaches and a substantial improvement in maternal and fetal welfare. " 01/01/2010 - "We excluded studies of patients with secondary or gestational hypertension, and studies where patients were receiving multiple antihypertensives. " 03/15/1990 - "Antihypertensive drugs could be administered to prolong pregnancy when this is considered desirable, although pharmacological therapy of gestational hypertension remains a subject for dispute, because of the lack of closely controlled studies. " 05/08/1982 - "No study has yet afforded evidence that the use of anti-hypertensive drugs in gestational hypertension benefits the foetus. " 03/01/2000 - "Review: antihypertensive drugs improve maternal outcomes in mild chronic and pregnancy-induced hypertension."
9.	Arginine (L-Arginine)FDA Link 05/01/2006 - "To evaluate the antihypertensive efficacy of L-arginine (L-Arg) repeated infusions in women affected by gestational hypertension. " 07/01/2015 - "The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of serum l-arginine in healthy pregnant women and infant cord blood and to compare them with those in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). " 05/01/2006 - "Effect of L-arginine on blood pressure in pregnancy-induced hypertension: a randomized placebo-controlled trial." 07/01/2015 - "Is the serum l-arginine level during early pregnancy a predictor of pregnancy-induced hypertension?" 01/01/2011 - "Inability to increase NO synthesis and/or production of its precursor, arginine, may contribute to pregnancy-induced hypertension. "
10.	Uric Acid (Urate)IBA 07/01/2012 - "The pregnant women who had previous preeclampia or gestational hypertension and checked serum uric acid were enrolled in this study. " 05/01/2014 - "Clinically, increased serum urate levels are indicative of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). " 12/01/2013 - "In our cohort of healthy pregnant women uric acid above 3.15 mg/dl and SBP at least 120 mmHg are consistent predictors of gestational hypertension in the first trimester. " 12/01/2013 - "In the first trimester gestational hypertension predictors were uric acid greater than 3.15 mg/dl (P=0.01), BMI greater than 24 kg/m (P=0.003) SBP at least 120 mmHg (P=0.02) and DBP at least 71 mmHg (P=0.007). " 10/01/2011 - "Prognostic significance of serum uric acid in women with gestational hypertension."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 01/01/1992 - "The study group consisted of 58 women with a pregnancy-induced hypertension or an otherwise presumed uteroplacental perfusion impairment delivered by cesarean section. " 06/01/2014 - "The elevated OS risk associated with gestational hypertension and reduced risk associated with Cesarean section warrant replication." 02/01/2013 - "The risk of cesarean section (CS), pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and pre-term delivery was significantly high in the group A than B, i.e., OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.8, p=0.04; OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.2, p=0.03; OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-9.5, p=0.04; respectively. " 01/01/2013 - "Cesarean section was performed in 5 patients (one with severe uncontrollable pregnancy-induced hypertension) and vaginal delivery in 2 patients (one with grade V AVM). " 04/01/2012 - "The five most common indicators for Caesarean section include cephalo-pelvic disproportion, prolonged labour, malpresentation, pregnancy induced hypertension and ante partum haemorrhage, which accounted for 70% of the indications for Caesarean section. "
2.	Neonatal Intensive Care 03/01/2013 - "Use of assisted reproductive techniques, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and unequal placental sharing are perinatal risk factors of discordant twins who are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. " 12/01/1997 - "Also, no relationship existed between flow velocity waveforms and pregnancy-induced hypertension and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. " 09/01/2014 - "The use of IADPSGC resulted in an important increase in GDM rate (35.5% vs. 10.6%) and an improvement in pregnancy outcomes, with a decrease in the rate of gestational hypertension (4.1 to 3.5%: -14.6%, P < 0.021), prematurity (6.4 to 5.7%: -10.9%, P < 0.039), cesarean section (25.4 to 19.7%: -23.9%, P < 0.002), small for gestational age (7.7 to 7.1%: -6.5%, P < 0.042), large for gestational age (4.6 to 3.7%: -20%, P < 0.004), Apgar 1-min score <7 (3.8 to 3.5%: -9%, P < 0.015), and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (8.2 to 6.2%: -24.4%, P < 0.001). " 10/01/2015 - "Other outcomes that were examined included the frequency of large for GA, birthweight, neonatal intensive care unit admission, gestational hypertension/preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery. " 03/01/2015 - "Outcomes assessed included gestational hypertension, low (2,500 g or less) birth weight, small-for-gestational-age (less than the 10th percentile) neonates, macrosomia (birth weight 4,000 g or greater), large-for-gestational-age (greater than 90th percentile) neonates, emergency caesarean delivery, and admission to a neonatal intensive care unit. "
3.	Bed Rest (Bedrest) 09/01/2013 - "This study examined the efficacy of a cardiorespiratory biofeedback intervention compared to bed rest in the treatment of 47 women diagnosed with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). " 04/01/1998 - "MFM directors were significantly more likely to treat pregnancy-induced hypertension (p < 0.01) and placenta previa with hospital bed rest (p < 0.05). " 08/01/2010 - "Live-born children born in these hospitals and prenatally exposed to labetalol, methyldopa, or bed rest because of mild-to-moderate gestational hypertension. " 01/01/1985 - "Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations were measured simultaneously with urinary excretion of kallikrein and four prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2 alpha, 6 keto PFG1 alpha and TXB2) in 23 patients with pregnancy induced hypertension (17 with permanent PIH and six with labile PIH, since in these latter their hypertension was controlled only by home bed rest) and in 16 normotensive pregnant women at the same stage of gestation (31 +/- 3 weeks). "
4.	Bariatric Surgery 03/01/2012 - "The studies show improved fertility and a reduced risk of gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia, macrosomia in pregnant women after bariatric surgery. " 11/01/2008 - "Women who have undergone bariatric surgery may have less risk than obese women for certain pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and pregnancy induced hypertension. "
5.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 09/01/2013 - "An exploratory analysis of the utility of adding cardiorespiratory biofeedback in the standard care of pregnancy-induced hypertension." 09/01/2013 - "This study examined the efficacy of a cardiorespiratory biofeedback intervention compared to bed rest in the treatment of 47 women diagnosed with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). "