5-Methylcytosine (5 Methylcytosine)

A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.

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Networked: 191 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 22 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Esteller, Manel: 6 articles (10/2008 - 08/2002)
2.	Rao, Anjana: 5 articles (01/2015 - 12/2010)
3.	Vasanthakumar, Aparna: 4 articles (07/2015 - 09/2011)
4.	Godley, Lucy A: 4 articles (07/2015 - 09/2011)
5.	Barciszewska, Anna-Maria: 4 articles (01/2015 - 03/2004)
6.	Paz, Maria F: 4 articles (01/2005 - 08/2002)
7.	Fraga, Mario F: 4 articles (08/2004 - 08/2002)
8.	Chowdhury, Basudev: 3 articles (01/2015 - 10/2013)
9.	Ko, Myunggon: 3 articles (01/2015 - 12/2010)
10.	An, Jungeun: 3 articles (01/2015 - 12/2010)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 12/01/2012 - "Here, we report a meta-analysis, indicating a consistent inverse association between genomic 5-methylcytosine levels and cancer risk [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-6.1], but no overall risk association for studies using surrogates for genomic methylation, including methylation at the LINE-1 repetitive element (95% CI, 0.8-1.7). " 01/01/2005 - "This study was designed to determine if cytological detection of 5-methylcytosine (5MC) was feasible on prostate tumor sections and to determine if levels of 5MC differed in malignant compared to normal prostate tissue. " 11/12/2014 - "This functionalized surface identifying and quantifying high 5-methylcytosine CTC-subset content into the patient's blood lead significant progress in cancer risk assessment, also providing a novel therapeutic strategy. " 05/01/2013 - "5-Methylcytosine (5-mC) is an important epigenetic modification involved in development and is frequently altered in cancer. " 01/31/2013 - "Tumor development is associated with decrease of TET gene expression and 5-methylcytosine hydroxylation."
2.	Melanoma (Melanoma, Malignant) 01/01/2013 - "We demonstrate that LINE1 hypomethylation is accompanied by the shortened relapse-free survival of melanoma patients; however, Cox regression analysis shows a direct relationship between the overall loss of 5-methylcytosine and metastatic potential of primary melanomas, which is confirmed by Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn's Multiple Comparison Post-test showing that not only the presence but the number of metastases during the 5-year follow-up period is associated with the transposon demethylation. " 08/15/1988 - "Certain highly metastatic (in athymic immunosuppressed "nude" mice) variants of the poorly metastatic human melanoma cell line MeWo have been found to contain dramatically reduced levels of DNA 5-methylcytosine compared to the parental cell line. " 09/01/1988 - "The DNA 5-methylcytosine content has been analyzed in the human melanoma cell line M21 at several time points after induction of differentiation by a variety of inducers. " 05/01/1987 - "Reduced levels of DNA 5-methylcytosine in metastatic variants of the human melanoma cell line MeWo." 04/01/2007 - "We cultured human colorectal and melanoma cancer cell lines under severe hypoxic conditions, and examined their levels of global methylation using HPLC to quantify 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), and found that hypoxia induced losses of global methylation. "
3.	Carcinoma (Carcinomatosis) 01/01/2015 - "This study aims to elucidate the level of DNA methylation in urothelial carcinomas (UCs) using 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC) immunohistochemistry (IHC). " 04/01/2015 - "We evaluated global DNA methylation status in 49 EBVaGC and 45 EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) tissue samples and cell lines by 5-methylcytosine immunohistochemical staining and methylation quantification. " 01/01/2015 - "Reduced 5-methylcytosine level as a potential progression predictor in patients with T1 or non-invasive urothelial carcinoma." 06/01/2007 - "Lowest 5-methylcytosine immunostaining scores were observed in carcinoma cells and a statistically significant difference was observed between urothelial cells of healthy controls or patients with benign disease compared to bladder cancer patients (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). " 06/01/1999 - "DNA sequence analysis showed that the positions of 5-methylcytosine in the RARbeta promoter region was almost identical to that reported previously by our laboratory for human DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells (Anti-Cancer Drugs 1998; 9: 743). "
4.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer) 09/01/2000 - "To address this question, we developed an in vitro model of study using normal cells and sporadic breast cancer cells with known levels of BRCA1 transcript to produce a 1.4 kb 5-methylcytosine map of the BRCA1 5' CpG island. " 01/01/2015 - "In this study, we found that normal breast cell line MCF10A and breast cancer cell line MCF7 cells present significantly different percentage of genomic 5-methylcytosine (p < 0.02, n = 8), it could be a potential indicator for rapid discrimination of rare cancer cells from normal cells. " 01/01/2013 - "Using 5-methylcytosine immunoprecipitation coupled to miRNA tiling microarray hybridization, we performed comprehensive evaluation of DNA methylation of miRNA gene promoters in breast cancer. " 01/01/2014 - "We have applied a very precise thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the global amount of 5-methylcytosine (m(5)C) in DNA from brain tumors, colon and breast cancer tissues and peripheral blood samples of the same patients. " 09/15/2015 - "We discovered that hypoxia deregulates TET1 and TET3, the enzymes that catalyze conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), thereby leading to breast tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) properties. "
5.	Anoxia (Hypoxia) 12/01/2015 - "Treatment with hypoxia and its mimetic compounds recapitulated the reduced levels of DNMT1 and 5-methylcytosine levels (P < 0.05 versus control). " 10/14/2011 - "A detailed study of the methylation of CpGs sites using bisulfite-sequencing PCR and 5-methylcytosine immunoprecipitation showed that hypoxia induced DNA methylation in both the enhancer and promoter regions of MCP-1in IL-1β-treated cells. " 04/01/2007 - "We cultured human colorectal and melanoma cancer cell lines under severe hypoxic conditions, and examined their levels of global methylation using HPLC to quantify 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), and found that hypoxia induced losses of global methylation. " 10/01/2013 - "Our study shows a DNA-replication-independent decrease of 5-methylcytosine (5mC)/5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) under hypoxia vs. a dependent decrease under Decitabine treatment. " 09/15/2015 - "We discovered that hypoxia deregulates TET1 and TET3, the enzymes that catalyze conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), thereby leading to breast tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) properties. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
2.	decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine)
3.	5-hydroxymethylcytosine
4.	Cytosine
5.	Histones (Histone)
6.	8-oxo-7-hydrodeoxyguanosine
7.	hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)
8.	A-Form DNA (A-DNA)
9.	Guanine
10.	Thymine

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant)
2.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
3.	Ligation