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Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein

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A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy.

Also Known As:

Hypercalcemic Hormone of Malignancy; PTH Like Tumor Factor; PTH-Like Protein; PTH-Related Peptide; PTHrP; Parathyroid Hormone Like Tumor Factor; Parathyroid Hormone-Like Protein; Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide; Tumor Hypercalcemic Factor; Hormone-Related Protein, Parathyroid; Hypercalcemic Factor, Tumor; PTH Like Protein; PTH Related Peptide; Parathyroid Hormone Like Protein; Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide; Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein

Networked: 1777 relevant articles (51 outcomes, 230 trials/studies)

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Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Deftos, Leonard J: 29 articles (01/2014 - 04/2002)
2.	Falzon, Miriam: 24 articles (10/2015 - 02/2002)
3.	Burton, Douglas W: 20 articles (10/2012 - 04/2002)
4.	Esbrit, Pedro: 18 articles (07/2015 - 06/2002)
5.	Rosol, Thomas J: 17 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Hastings, Randolph H: 16 articles (01/2015 - 06/2002)
7.	Goltzman, David: 14 articles (11/2015 - 05/2002)
8.	Stewart, Andrew F: 13 articles (09/2011 - 05/2002)
9.	Esbrit, P: 13 articles (04/2008 - 01/2000)
10.	Onuma, Etsuro: 12 articles (05/2011 - 10/2003)

Related Diseases

1.	Hypercalcemia (Milk Alkali Syndrome) 09/01/2005 - "ALL relapsed in the bone marrow 3 months after achieving complete remission, and hypercalcemia and elevation of serum PTHrP were also observed. " 11/01/1992 - "Clinically, selected PTHRP assays can be very helpful in diagnosing PTHRP-mediated hypercalcemia, but are not yet sufficiently sensitive to accurately measure normal concentrations of the protein." 09/01/1997 - "On the other hand, the frequency of patients with abnormally high plasma levels of PTHrP was significantly greater (2/9 for normocalcemia vs 5/6 for hypercalcemia, chi 2 = 5.20, p = 0.02) in patients with hypercalcemia than in normocalcemic patients. " 04/01/1994 - "Our data show that effective treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia is not associated with a consistent change in serum levels of PTHrP. " 09/01/2004 - "Thus, humanized anti-PTHrP may be useful for the treatment of the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in humans."
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 09/15/1999 - "Tumors of the clear cell type expressed PTHrP to a significantly greater extent than tumors of the granular cell type. " 10/01/1993 - "Irrespective of its precise normal role however, PTHRP provides a potential therapeutic target in MAH and, with improved methods of detection, may also be useful as a tumor marker." 02/15/2006 - "Improved survival was observed for the 79% of tumors which stained positively for PTHrP [estimated univariate hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.30-0.62; P < 0.001]. " 02/15/2006 - "Parathyroid hormone-related protein localization in breast cancers predict improved prognosis." 11/01/1994 - "Five of seven tumors investigated by immunohistochemical staining for parathyroid hormone-related protein showed positive results. "
3.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis) 11/01/2015 - "Additionally, PTHrP, MMP-1, and CTGF are candidate genes related to HCC bone metastasis." 01/01/2015 - "The patients with both positive TGF-β and PTHrP expression were significantly associated with the high risk of metastases. " 01/01/2015 - "Nevertheless, those with higher PTHrP expression tended to show a higher rate of bone metastasis (67.6 % vs. 45.8 %, P = 0.019). " 10/01/2014 - "The number of metastatic lesions and the percentage of animals with metastasis were markedly lower in mice injected with Pthrp-ablated A375, and 45% of these animals survived a 7-week period compared with 15% of mice injected with nonablated WT-A375. " 01/01/2014 - "Patient's parathyroid hormone-related protein levels were normal and a bone scintigram revealed no evidence of skeletal metastasis. "
4.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer) 01/01/2015 - "The objective of the current study was to evaluate the association of PTHrP and TGF-β level with the clinicopathological features of the breast cancer patients. " 01/01/2012 - "These studies implicate PTHrP in the development and growth of primary breast tumors and underscore the need for further research." 02/01/2011 - "In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Hh inhibition in bone metastatic breast cancer would decrease PTHrP expression and therefore osteolytic bone destruction. " 09/15/2009 - "To study the role of PTHrP in early breast cancer, the effect of conditional deletion of PTHrP was examined in the context of neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis. " 09/05/2008 - "In this study, we confirmed that the CaR inhibits PTHrP production by MMECs but stimulates PTHrP production by Comma-D cells (immortalized murine mammary cells) and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. "
5.	Prostatic Neoplasms (Prostate Cancer) 01/01/2013 - "Our studies show that when compared to LNCaP, NF-κB activity is significantly higher in C4-2B and PC3, and that the activation of NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells resulted in the increased expression of the osteoclast inducing genes PTHrP and RANKL. " 07/01/2009 - "In this study, we used the human prostate cancer cell lines C4-2 and PC-3 as model systems to study the effects of PTHrP on these processes. " 09/01/2004 - "In this study, we hypothesized that activation of the CaR transactivates the EGFR or PDGFR, and examined whether transactivation affects PTHrP secretion in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. " 05/15/2002 - "The human prostate cancer cell line PC-3, which expresses functional PTH/PTHrP receptors, was used as a model to study the effects of PTHrP on prostate cancer cell growth. " 05/01/1998 - "These findings are valuable for designing future research studies to further elucidate the biological functions of PTHrP in normal prostatic glands and prostate cancer."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Calcium
2.	Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
3.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)
4.	Cytokines
5.	Amylases
6.	Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone)
7.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)
8.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)
9.	Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta)
10.	Complementary DNA (cDNA)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
2.	Ligation
3.	Therapeutics
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
5.	Prostheses and Implants (Prosthesis)