Acute Cholecystitis

Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1702 relevant articles (107 outcomes, 187 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Critical Illness (Critically Ill)
2.	Gallstones (Gallstone)
3.	Cholecystitis
4.	Pancreatitis
5.	Cholelithiasis

Experts

1.	Takada, Tadahiro: 14 articles (01/2013 - 01/2006)
2.	Miura, Fumihiko: 13 articles (01/2013 - 01/2006)
3.	Yoshida, Masahiro: 13 articles (01/2013 - 01/2006)
4.	Mayumi, Toshihiko: 11 articles (01/2013 - 01/2007)
5.	Yamashita, Yuichi: 10 articles (01/2013 - 01/2004)
6.	Kim, Myung-Hwan: 9 articles (11/2015 - 06/2006)
7.	Catena, Fausto: 9 articles (09/2015 - 01/2009)
8.	Büchler, Markus W: 9 articles (08/2015 - 01/2007)
9.	Ansaloni, Luca: 8 articles (09/2015 - 01/2009)
10.	Coccolini, Federico: 8 articles (09/2015 - 01/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Acute Cholecystitis:

1.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1993 - "Cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: morphine augmentation is superior to delayed imaging." 06/01/2014 - "The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the efficacy of morphine-augmented hepatobiliary imaging (MAHBI) for diagnosing acute cholecystitis (AC). " 09/01/2000 - "Efficacy of morphine sulfate-augmented hepatobiliary imaging in acute cholecystitis." 07/01/1994 - "The authors determined if the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis can be accurately made or reliably eliminated by the use of morphine-augmented radionuclide cholescintigraphy (morphine cholescintigraphy [MC]) in hospitalized patients in whom the diagnosis is in doubt. " 03/01/1988 - "Morphine was shown to improve the diagnostic accuracy and reduce imaging time in the cholescintigraphic evaluation of acute cholecystitis."
2.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 11/01/1991 - "The authors studied the efficacy of directed transport of antibiotics in autologous blood shadows in the complex treatment of 73 patients with acute cholecystitis (the main group) in comparison with the traditional nonoperative treatment of 67 patients with the same disease (the control group). " 09/01/2013 - "Optimal timing of surgery for acute cholecystitis remains controversial: either early surgery shortly after hospital admission or delayed elective surgery after a conservative treatment with antibiotics. " 05/01/2013 - "The severity of the acute cholecystitis was classified into three grades: easily responding to antibiotics and mostly symptom-free (mild, grade I), symptoms persisting during the treatment (moderate, grade II), and worsening into a septic state (severe, grade III). " 06/07/2010 - "Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan and ultrasonography showed acute cholecystitis in our cases, which was treated with antibiotics and ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGD). " 09/01/2008 - "Although the sensitivity and specificity of the predictive factors for bactibilia are limited to 63% and 67%, respectively, in their presence during acute cholecystitis, conservative wide-spectrum antibiotics as the first-line therapy is appropriate, and, upon regimen failure, laparoscopic surgery by an experienced surgeon is indicated as the adjusted therapy."
3.	Factor IX (PTC)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2002 - "PTC may be a safe and effective treatment for high risk elderly patients with acute cholecystitis. " 04/01/2010 - "PTC was a safe and effective alternative for treating acute cholecystitis in this group of patients. " 04/01/2010 - "A retrospective review was carried out from January 1999 to June 2007 on 23 patients, 11 males and 12 females, who underwent PTC for the management of acute cholecystitis at the Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China. " 05/01/2002 - "To determine the safety and effectiveness of PTC in the treatment of acute cholecystitis in elderly debilitated high risk patients. " 08/01/1996 - "Percutaneous transhepatic cholecyst puncture (PTCCP) is a unique treatment for acute cholecystitis by using of 21 gauge PTC needle with ultrasoundimage control. "
4.	PiperacillinFDA LinkGeneric 08/09/1989 - "[It is correct from the pharmaceutical point of view to use piperacillin in acute cholecystitis]." 10/01/1990 - "In a previous study of patients with acute cholecystitis, we demonstrated equal efficacy with a broad spectrum penicillin (piperacillin) and a penicillin plus amino-glycoside combination. " 06/01/1993 - "Provides detailed information on the organisms found in the biliary tree in patients with acute cholecystitis, assesses the in-vitro activity of cefazolin versus piperacillin against the isolated organisms, expecting that piperacillin would be much more active against isolated anaerobes and gram-negative bacteria. " 10/01/1987 - "It was concluded that piperacillin should be considered for antibiotic management of patients with acute cholecystitis and that further studies are necessary in patients with cholangitis to determine whether or not newer agents should replace penicillin and aminoglycoside combinations." 11/01/1994 - "Aspoxicillin 4 g administered tds (n = 52) or piperacillin 4 g qds (n = 53) usually as monotherapy were randomly given to patients suffering from perforated appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, ulcer or colon perforation, or intra-abdominal abscess. "
5.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 04/01/1946 - "Penicillin in acute cholecystitis." 10/01/1990 - "In a previous study of patients with acute cholecystitis, we demonstrated equal efficacy with a broad spectrum penicillin (piperacillin) and a penicillin plus amino-glycoside combination. " 10/01/1987 - "It was concluded that piperacillin should be considered for antibiotic management of patients with acute cholecystitis and that further studies are necessary in patients with cholangitis to determine whether or not newer agents should replace penicillin and aminoglycoside combinations." 01/01/1973 - "Effect of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and penicillin-streptomycin in acute cholecystitis." 02/01/1988 - "Sixty-nine patients who underwent bile duct exploration, choledochoenteric anastomosis, or cholecystectomy, either for acute cholecystitis or because they were older than 65 years of age, were randomized to the following three groups: Group I, topical antibiotics alone (22 patients); Group II, cefoxitin and topical antibiotics (24 patients); and Group III, penicillin, tobramycin, clindamycin, and topical antibiotics (23 patients). "
6.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1992 - "The standard of practice was to use a model created from a different intraabdominal infection group (appendicitis), referred to as "surgical patient model." These two models were compared with a group of 23 patients receiving gentamicin for acute cholecystitis. " 01/01/1993 - "This study was undertaken to determine whether or not cefepime was as effective as the combination of gentamicin and mezlocillin in patients with acute cholecystitis. " 01/01/1993 - "A randomized study of cefepime versus the combination of gentamicin and mezlocillin as an adjunct to surgical treatment in patients with acute cholecystitis." 01/01/1993 - "Cefepime is as effective as gentamicin and mezlocillin in preventing septic complications after cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. " 10/01/1990 - "One hundred and eighty-nine patients with acute cholecystitis or cholangitis requiring antibacterial therapy and surgery were randomly allocated in a prospective open study to receive either iv or oral pefloxacin (800 mg per day) or a combination of iv or oral ampicillin (4 g per day) and gentamicin (240 mg per day im). "
7.	C-Reactive ProteinIBA 09/01/2015 - "C-reactive protein measurement is not associated with an improved management of acute cholecystitis: a plié for a change." 06/01/1992 - "Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and C reactive protein concentration in acute cholecystitis: a prospective clinical study." 09/01/2015 - "C-reactive protein has a better discriminative power than white cell count in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis." 04/01/2015 - "Prediction of the grade of acute cholecystitis by plasma level of C-reactive protein." 06/01/1992 - "The combination of ultrasonography and measurement of C reactive protein concentration is recommended in the routine investigation of all patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. "
8.	cefepime (Maxipime)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1992 - "Tissue concentrations of cefepime in acute cholecystitis patients." 02/01/1993 - "Cefepime pharmacokinetics in patients with acute cholecystitis undergoing cholecystectomy." 01/01/1993 - "This study was undertaken to determine whether or not cefepime was as effective as the combination of gentamicin and mezlocillin in patients with acute cholecystitis. " 01/01/1993 - "A randomized study of cefepime versus the combination of gentamicin and mezlocillin as an adjunct to surgical treatment in patients with acute cholecystitis." 01/01/1993 - "Cefepime is as effective as gentamicin and mezlocillin in preventing septic complications after cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. "
9.	Mezlocillin (Mezlin)FDA Link 06/01/1987 - "Prophylactic use of mezlocillin in acute cholecystitis." 01/01/1993 - "This study was undertaken to determine whether or not cefepime was as effective as the combination of gentamicin and mezlocillin in patients with acute cholecystitis. " 01/01/1993 - "A randomized study of cefepime versus the combination of gentamicin and mezlocillin as an adjunct to surgical treatment in patients with acute cholecystitis." 01/01/1993 - "Cefepime is as effective as gentamicin and mezlocillin in preventing septic complications after cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. "
10.	Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol)IBA 09/01/2007 - "This study was undertaken to clarify the importance of nutritional status in patients with acute cholecystitis, and also evaluate whether they benefited from enteral nutrition supplementation, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), during the convalescent stage. " 09/01/2007 - "Importance of nutritional status in recovery from acute cholecystitis: benefit from enteral nutrition supplementation including medium chain triglycerides."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy 02/01/2012 - "Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the best treatment choice for acute cholecystitis. " 07/01/2010 - "Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the best treatment choice for acute cholecystitis. " 01/01/2008 - "It is not known to what extent surgical outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for severe acute cholecystitis differ from those for the nonsevere acute form, making it questionable whether urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the best approach even in severe acute cases. " 01/01/2014 - "Although all studies have reported that laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a safe and effective treatment for acute cholecystitis, the optimal timing for the procedure is still the subject of some debate. " 12/01/1992 - "Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a very effective treatment for acute cholecystitis if complete dissection of anatomy can be performed."
2.	Cholecystectomy 09/01/2001 - "Whereas early cholecystectomy is accepted as the optimal timing for surgery, the best treatment modality for acute cholecystitis (AC) is still under debate. " 12/01/2004 - "At follow-up (12 months) the mean period before starting again a normal working and social life was 57 days in Group 1 and 33 days in Group 2. The results of this study showed that early cholecystectomy was the gold standard in the treatment of acute cholecystitis, since it reduces morbidity, hospital stay and absence from working and social life in a statistically important way." 01/01/2004 - "Cholecystectomy in the acute phase of acute cholecystitis offers a significant reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms during the first postoperative month and to that associated improved quality of life in this group of patients." 01/01/2002 - "Performing elective surgery within 2 months of discharge in all cases would have reduced the re-admission rate by 56% and this along with the increased use of early cholecystectomy during the first admission are areas where the treatment of acute cholecystitis could be significantly improved." 05/01/2015 - "Early Cholecystectomy Is Superior to Delayed Cholecystectomy for Acute Cholecystitis: a Meta-analysis."
3.	Cholecystostomy 05/01/2002 - "Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy: effective treatment of acute cholecystitis in high risk patients." 01/01/2000 - "Percutaneous cholecystostomy is a safe, effective treatment for high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis. " 01/01/2000 - "Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment for high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis." 06/01/1989 - "Radiology-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy performed by a transhepatic approach is a safe and effective procedure for acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients." 01/01/1987 - "This review suggests that percutaneous cholecystostomy is a safe and effective procedure for resolving acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients. "
4.	Catheters 08/01/2005 - "We conclude that in combination with careful patient selection, PC using a central venous catheter in high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis is a viable alternative to pigtail catheter PC." 01/01/1987 - "[Laparoscopic drainage of the gallbladder using a wide catheter in acute cholecystitis]." 08/01/2005 - "Percutaneous cholecystostomy using a central venous catheter is effective for treating high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis." 06/01/1997 - "In three patients, the solvent was instilled via a cholecystostomy tube placed previously to treat acute cholecystitis; in two patients, a percutaneous transhepatic catheter was placed in the gallbladder electively. " 01/14/1991 - "A case of acute cholecystitis in a high risk patient was treated in the acute phase with cholecystostomy guided by ultrasound and with introduction of a pig-tail catheter for drainage. "
5.	Endoscopic Sphincterotomy 04/01/2007 - "Early endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute cholecystitis in elderly patients with high surgical risk." 08/01/2006 - "A prospective unselected series of 105 patients over 65 years of age (52 men, 53 women; mean age 78) suffering from acute cholecystitis were initially treated on a random basis with either conservative methods or endoscopic sphincterotomy. " 08/01/2006 - "It was therefore hypothesized that an initial endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with acute cholecystitis might improve the clinical course. " 08/01/2006 - "Conservative treatment versus endoscopic sphincterotomy in the initial management of acute cholecystitis in elderly patients at high surgical risk." 10/01/1995 - "Acute cholecystitis, a common complication of persistent gallbladder stone after endoscopic sphincterotomy, may be avoided by employing this method. "