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HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome

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Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.

Also Known As:

HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome; HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy; Lipodystrophy Syndrome, HIV; HIV Associated Lipodystrophy; HIV Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome; Lipodystrophy Syndrome, HIV-Associated; Lipodystrophy, HIV-Associated

Networked: 100 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Lipodystrophy
2.	Insulin Resistance
3.	Dyslipidemias (Dyslipidemia)
4.	Obesity
5.	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MODY)

Experts

1.	Balasubramanyam, Ashok: 5 articles (10/2012 - 08/2002)
2.	Haugaard, Steen B: 4 articles (09/2014 - 11/2003)
3.	Sekhar, Rajagopal V: 4 articles (10/2012 - 08/2002)
4.	Jahoor, Farook: 4 articles (10/2012 - 08/2002)
5.	Kotler, Donald P: 4 articles (01/2011 - 05/2003)
6.	Barbaro, Giuseppe: 4 articles (03/2010 - 11/2003)
7.	Mantzoros, Christos S: 2 articles (01/2015 - 10/2012)
8.	Lindegaard, B: 2 articles (09/2013 - 02/2004)
9.	Pedersen, B K: 2 articles (09/2013 - 02/2004)
10.	Iyer, Dinakar: 2 articles (10/2012 - 06/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome:

1.	tesamorelin FDA Link 02/01/2012 - "Tesamorelin is effective in improving visceral adiposity and body image in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy over 26-52 weeks of treatment. " 02/01/2012 - "All studies relevant to the evaluation of efficacy and safety of tesamorelin in the management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy were included, with a focus on trials completed in humans. " 06/01/2013 - "The GHRH analog-Tesamorelin is the only treatment option, which is FDA approved for use in reduction of excess abdominal fat in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. " 12/01/2011 - "Although long-term clinical experience is needed to further assess the benefits and risks of therapy, current evidence suggests that tesamorelin may be useful for reducing visceral adiposity in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy, thereby potentially improving self image." 12/01/2011 - "Spotlight on tesamorelin in HIV-associated lipodystrophy."
2.	rosiglitazone (Avandia)FDA Link 04/01/2006 - "Evaluation of safety and efficacy of rosiglitazone in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome." 08/01/2005 - "The insulin-sensitizer rosiglitazone is under investigation for therapy of HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (LDS). " 07/01/2008 - "Treatment of altered body composition in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: comparison of rosiglitazone, pravastatin, and recombinant human growth hormone."
3.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/2010 - "The efficacy and safety of insulin-sensitizing drugs in HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized trials." 09/01/2014 - "Molecular mechanisms behind the defects in insulin production and secretion associated with antihuman immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) therapy and the development of HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) are discussed in this article. " 06/01/2011 - "Specific antiretrovirals can increase insulin resistance through two principal mechanisms, either directly by interfering with insulin signalling at the cellular level or indirectly as a consequence of defects in lipid metabolism (lipotoxocity) arising from antiretroviral toxicities such as the IR observed in those with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. " 01/01/2007 - "HIV-associated lipodystrophy, arising as a result of long-term therapy with antiretroviral medications, is a complex syndrome characterized by changes in regional fat mass, dyslipidemia, and insulin sensitivity that, once established, is difficult to reverse. " 11/01/2007 - "The aim of this study was to analyze LPIN1 adipose tissue gene expression levels in 3 clinical insulin-resistant conditions-obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipodystrophy-and its relationship with adipogenic and inflammatory markers. "
4.	LeptinIBA 12/01/2012 - "Leptin therapy in human recombinant form has recently been used in HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome on experimental basis in some small short-term clinical trials. " 10/01/2012 - "Leptin in congenital or HIV-associated lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome: a need for more mechanistic studies and large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials." 01/01/2015 - "Leptin in congenital and HIV-associated lipodystrophy." 10/01/2012 - "Leptin replacement therapy does not improve the abnormal lipid kinetics of hypoleptinemic patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome." 12/15/2002 - "In this study, we sought to determine the relationship between serum levels of leptin and adiponectin (Acrp30) in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HIV-LD). "
5.	AdiponectinIBA 11/01/2003 - "Adiponectin and HIV associated lipodystrophy." 09/01/2013 - "Using two different tools to manipulate lipolysis, the present study found that acute inhibition of lipolysis reduces levels of adiponectin and IL-18 in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy." 12/15/2002 - "In this study, we sought to determine the relationship between serum levels of leptin and adiponectin (Acrp30) in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HIV-LD). " 02/01/2003 - "Plasma leptin and adiponectin levels are altered in the HIV lipodystrophy syndrome. " 02/01/2003 - "We examined the relationships of plasma leptin and adiponectin levels to fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in the HIV lipodystrophy syndrome. "
6.	Protease Inhibitors (Protease Inhibitor)IBA 12/01/2015 - "Visceral adiposity was initially thought to occur as part of a protease inhibitor-induced "HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome." Subsequent studies show that visceral adiposity is likely a result of effective ART, recovery of health, and the normal aging process. " 05/01/2010 - "Protease inhibitors (PIs) have been implicated in the development of HIV-associated lipodystrophy through a reduction in the differentiation of preadipocytes. " 01/01/2009 - "The role of protease inhibitors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipodystrophy: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications." 10/19/2001 - "To examine the relationships between protease inhibitor (PI) therapy, body fat distribution and metabolic disturbances in the HIV lipodystrophy syndrome. " 02/01/2004 - "HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome is a syndrome occurring in HIV-infected patients who were treated with highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), especially regimen containing protease inhibitors. "
7.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 02/01/2014 - "Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and caspase-3 in subcutaneous tissue of patients with HIV lipodystrophy syndrome." 02/01/2004 - "This study tested the hypothesis that in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy, adiponectin levels were related to insulin resistance, TNF-alpha and IL-6 and treatment with nucleoside analogues. " 09/01/2005 - "In the present study, we investigated the association between circulating levels of PAI-1 and locally produced PAI-1 in adipose tissue and body fat distribution and adipokines (TNF-alpha, TNF receptors, IL-6, IL-8) in patients with and without HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS). "
8.	Human Growth Hormone (Saizen)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2003 - "This study compared the relative changes in omental-mesenteric (OMAT) and retroperitoneal adipose tissues (RPAT) during therapy with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. " 01/01/2008 - "Recombinant human growth hormone: rationale for use in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy." 02/01/2005 - "Use of recombinant human growth hormone in HIV-associated lipodystrophy." 08/01/2004 - "Treatment with high doses (2-6 mg day(-1)) of human growth hormone (hGH) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) has been shown to increase concentrations of total insulin-like growth-factor-I (IGF-I) more than twofold greater than the normal upper range and is accompanied by adverse effects such as joint pain and glucose intolerance. " 07/01/2008 - "Treatment of altered body composition in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: comparison of rosiglitazone, pravastatin, and recombinant human growth hormone."
9.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "Aims This review provides a brief summary of our current understanding of the epidemiology, clinical presentation and therapeutic approaches of what is termed 'the HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome' and of HIV-associated lipid and glucose metabolic abnormalities. " 09/01/2003 - "The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-lipodystrophy syndrome is characterized by abnormalities of lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and fat distribution. " 10/01/2014 - "The widespread use of effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV patients has coincided with increasing reports of complications like HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome and the metabolic alterations, affecting the lipid and glucose metabolism. " 05/01/2006 - "HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome is characterized by dyslipidemia, fat redistribution, and altered glucose metabolism; however, there has been little study of relationships between these risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and lifestyle risks. " 01/01/2015 - "In the much more commonly encountered HIV-associated lipodystrophy, leptin replacement has been shown to decrease central fat mass and to improve insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia, and glucose levels. "
10.	Interleukin-18 (Interleukin 18)IBA 09/24/2004 - "These findings suggest that IL-18 is linked to HIV-associated lipodystrophy." 09/24/2004 - "Adipose tissue expression of IL-18 and HIV-associated lipodystrophy." 05/01/2004 - "As HIV-associated lipodystrophy (LD) shares metabolic characteristics with the metabolic syndrome, it was hypothesized that IL-18 would be elevated in patients with LD. " 03/01/2010 - "We discuss in this review article how increased biological activities of IL-18 contribute towards immunopathogenesis of AIDS, HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome and related metabolic disturbances. " 03/01/2010 - "Potential role of IL-18 in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS, HIV-associated lipodystrophy and related clinical conditions."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/01/2004 - "Drug therapies that have been shown to be beneficial in other forms of lipodystrophy and are currently being evaluated in HIV-associated lipodystrophy are also discussed. " 03/01/2004 - "No drug therapy exists to fully ameliorate or correct the cosmetic changes of HIV-associated lipodystrophy. "
2.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 01/01/2012 - "This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HIV-associated lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome in patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. " 12/01/2012 - "HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS), comprising metabolic and morphological alterations, is a known side effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). " 11/01/2010 - "Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipodystrophy is a syndrome that occurs primarily in individuals who are being treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). " 01/01/2007 - "HIV-associated lipodystrophy or lipoatrophy, unreported before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), was first described in 1998, and has a prevalence ranging from 18% to 83%. " 06/01/2006 - "Approximately 30 - 50% of HIV-infected individuals after > or = 12 months on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may encounter the HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS), which attenuates patient compliance to this treatment. "
3.	Lipectomy (Liposuction) 03/01/2007 - "Surgical management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy: role of ultrasonic-assisted liposuction and suction-assisted lipectomy in the treatment of lipohypertrophy." 05/01/2001 - "We present a patient with HIV lipodystrophy syndrome who underwent tumescent liposuction. " 01/01/2015 - "The successful use of lipectomy in the management of airway obstruction in a woman with HIV-associated lipodystrophy."
4.	Injections 04/01/2004 - "An HIV-associated lipodystrophy patient with facial lipoatrophy underwent multiple sessions of soft-tissue augmentation therapy with liquid injectable silicone (LIS) using the microdroplet serial puncture technique. " 05/01/2015 - "Poly-L-lactic acid is an injectable collagen builder that has been used for the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy and cosmetic enhancement. "