Shaken Baby Syndrome

Brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme rotational cranial acceleration. It is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. Serious cases may result in death.

Networked: 60 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 4 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hemorrhage
2.	Cysts
3.	Craniocerebral Trauma (Head Injury)
4.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
5.	Sudden Infant Death (SID)

Experts

1.	Squier, Waney: 2 articles (11/2011 - 01/2008)
2.	Talbert, D G: 2 articles (02/2009 - 01/2006)
3.	Mian, Maha: 1 article (06/2015)
4.	Shah, Janki: 1 article (06/2015)
5.	Warren, Kelly: 1 article (06/2015)
6.	Miao, Yimei: 1 article (06/2015)
7.	Khan, Sardar: 1 article (06/2015)
8.	Schwamb, Richard: 1 article (06/2015)
9.	Dalpiaz, Amanda: 1 article (06/2015)
10.	Helbig, H: 1 article (09/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Shaken Baby Syndrome:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/1998 - "The ERG can be helpful in assessing retinal function in children with the shaken baby syndrome who have persistent visual impairment. " 06/16/2014 - "Shaken baby syndrome is characterised by its association with bilateral or multifocal haemorrhage, retinal haemorrhage and encephalopathy. " 04/01/2014 - "'Shaken baby syndrome', which has been described in human infants, is characterised by retinal and intracranial subdural haemorrhages, and has been associated with axonal injury to the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. " 08/01/2013 - "Electroretinography combined with spectral domain optical coherence tomography to detect retinal damage in shaken baby syndrome." 11/01/2011 - "The "Shaken Baby" syndrome (SBS) is the subject of intense controversy; the diagnosis has in the past depended on the triad of subdural haemorrhage (SDH), retinal haemorrhage and encephalopathy. "
2.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)FDA Link 07/01/2002 - "This study showed that shaking immature mice produced white matter injury mimicking several aspects of human shaken baby syndrome and provided evidence that excess release of glutamate plays a role in the pathophysiology of the lesions."
3.	Protons (Proton)IBA 01/01/1997 - "The purpose of this study was to use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as a metabolic assay to describe biochemical changes during the evolution of neuronal injury in infants after shaken baby syndrome (SBS), that explain the disparity between apparent physical injury and the neurological deficit after SBS. " 01/01/1997 - "Evidence from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for a metabolic cascade of neuronal damage in shaken baby syndrome."
4.	ParaffinIBA 02/01/1999 - "Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from infants (<1 year old) with shaken baby syndrome (7 cases) and blunt head trauma (3) and blocks from 7 control cases that included nontraumatic cerebral edema (1), acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (1), and normal brain (5) were immunostained for beta-APP. " 02/01/2000 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of eyes (including optic disc and distal optic nerve) from infants less than 1 year of age with shaken baby syndrome (5 cases), combined shaken baby syndrome/blunt head trauma (3 cases), and "pure" blunt head trauma (1 case). "
5.	Formaldehyde (Formol)FDA Link 02/01/1999 - "Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from infants (<1 year old) with shaken baby syndrome (7 cases) and blunt head trauma (3) and blocks from 7 control cases that included nontraumatic cerebral edema (1), acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (1), and normal brain (5) were immunostained for beta-APP. " 02/01/2000 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of eyes (including optic disc and distal optic nerve) from infants less than 1 year of age with shaken baby syndrome (5 cases), combined shaken baby syndrome/blunt head trauma (3 cases), and "pure" blunt head trauma (1 case). "
6.	Amyloid (Amyloid Fibrils)IBA 02/01/2000 - "Optic nerve damage in shaken baby syndrome: detection by beta-amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry." 02/01/2010 - "Diffuse neuronal perikaryal amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in an ovine model of non-accidental head injury (the shaken baby syndrome)." 02/01/2000 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) immunohistochemistry recently has been shown to be a highly effective method for identifying diffuse axonal injury in the brains of infants with shaken baby syndrome. " 02/01/2000 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of eyes (including optic disc and distal optic nerve) from infants less than 1 year of age with shaken baby syndrome (5 cases), combined shaken baby syndrome/blunt head trauma (3 cases), and "pure" blunt head trauma (1 case). "
7.	RiluzoleFDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1998 - "Tirilazad widens the therapeutic window for riluzole-induced attenuation of progressive cortical degeneration in an infant rat model of the shaken baby syndrome."
8.	Propranolol (Inderal)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2000 - "Cognitive deficits and hypersexuality with hyperactive features due to shaken-baby syndrome may respond to the drug regimen of amantadine and propranolol." 01/01/2000 - "To describe the clinical effects of amantadine and propranolol in an agitated pediatric patient with cognitive deficits, hyperactivity, and hypersexualism secondary to "shaken-baby syndrome." Patients with shaken-baby syndrome can present with cognitive and behavioral impairments. "
9.	Tissue Plasminogen Activator (Alteplase)FDA Link 06/01/1999 - "We report 4 eyes in 2 children with shaken baby syndrome in whom we administered intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in an attempt to resolve preretinal hemorrhages earlier than observation alone without the complications of vitrectomy. "
10.	IronIBA 08/01/2005 - "Post-mortem signs of recurrent shaken baby syndrome are indicated by iron-positive cells or microglial cells in neuronal or retinal tissue. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Vitreoretinal Surgery 08/01/2005 - "In this study, we report on our experience and results of vitreoretinal surgery for treatment of pre-macular hemorrhagic cyst in eyes of patients suffering from Terson's syndrome and shaken baby syndrome. " 08/01/2005 - "Indication for vitreoretinal surgery was pre-macular hemorrhagic cyst in eyes with Terson's syndrome (n=5) and shaken baby syndrome (n=2). "
2.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 02/01/2009 - "The original (1993) definition of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) specifies a group of infants with a history of dysphagia, presenting in a comatose state with respiratory difficulty progressing to apnoea or bradycardia requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. " 01/01/2001 - "After a short review of the non-traumatic, and rare, causes of vitreoretinal hemorrhages in infants, we analyze the 4 situations where a traumatic hemorrhage can be found: accidental head trauma, which has to be very severe and is then an unfrequent etiology, head trauma in child abuse or the so-called "shaken baby syndrome", which is the most frequent cause, and where we point out the key role of the ophthalmologist in the diagnosis and the prognostic evaluation, the perinatal trauma, which is a frequent, benign, and ephemeral cause, and finally, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which is a controversial and unlikely cause." 03/05/1996 - "A morphometrical analysis of retinal hemorrhages was performed in cases of physical child abuse including the shaken baby syndrome and in controls (severe head injury, intravital brain death, non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, SIDS including cardiopulmonary resuscitation). "
3.	Vitrectomy 01/01/2008 - "To describe an infant with shaken baby syndrome and a traumatic macular hole treated with pars plana vitrectomy and gas tamponade. " 01/01/2008 - "Traumatic macular hole in shaken baby syndrome successfully treated with pars plicata vitrectomy and gas tamponade." 07/01/1996 - "A retrospective study was performed to examine the relationship between the severity of vitreous hemorrhages and the severity of neurological injury in infants with shaken baby syndrome, and the result of early vitrectomy in these infants. " 06/01/1999 - "We report 4 eyes in 2 children with shaken baby syndrome in whom we administered intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in an attempt to resolve preretinal hemorrhages earlier than observation alone without the complications of vitrectomy. "
4.	Infant Equipment (Crib) 07/10/1986 - "In 18 other cases, we discovered various possible causes of death other than SIDS, including accidental asphyxiation by an object in the crib or bassinet, smothering by overlying while sharing a bed, hyperthermia, and shaken baby syndrome. "
5.	Traditional Medicine (Folk Remedies) 02/01/1998 - "Folk remedies and child abuse: a review with emphasis on caida de mollera and its relationship to shaken baby syndrome." 02/01/1998 - "There were two objectives: first, to make the reader familiar with folk remedies that might be confused with child abuse; second, to challenge the idea existing in the literature that treatment for the Hispanic folk illness caida de mollera can cause the injuries seen in the shaken baby syndrome. "