Post-Concussion Syndrome

The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.

Also Known As:

Post-Concussion Symptoms; Post-Concussive Symptoms; Post-Concussive Syndrome, Chronic; Chronic Post-Concussive Syndrome; Chronic Post-Concussive Syndromes; Post Concussion Symptoms; Post Concussion Syndrome; Post Concussive Symptoms; Post Concussive Syndrome; Post Concussive Syndrome, Chronic; Post-Concussion Symptom; Post-Concussive Symptom; Post-Concussive Syndromes; Post-Concussive Syndromes, Chronic; Post-Concussive Syndrome

Networked: 178 relevant articles (18 outcomes, 45 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Brain Concussion (Cerebral Concussion)
2.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
3.	Headache (Headaches)
4.	Traumatic Brain Injuries (Traumatic Brain Injury)
5.	Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Experts

1.	Weaver, Lindell K: 13 articles (02/2019 - 07/2012)
2.	Deru, Kayla: 10 articles (02/2019 - 09/2013)
3.	Lindblad, Anne S: 10 articles (02/2019 - 08/2016)
4.	Wilson, Steffanie H: 9 articles (02/2019 - 08/2016)
5.	Churchill, Susan: 8 articles (02/2019 - 08/2016)
6.	Harch, Paul G: 5 articles (07/2017 - 06/2009)
7.	Dewey, Deborah: 4 articles (01/2021 - 01/2014)
8.	Hart, Brett B: 4 articles (02/2019 - 08/2016)
9.	Hebert, Donald: 4 articles (02/2019 - 01/2019)
10.	Yeates, Keith Owen: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2021)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Post-Concussion Syndrome:

1.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 02/01/2019 - "Adverse events and blinding in two randomized trials of hyperbaric oxygen for persistent post-concussive symptoms." 02/01/2019 - "Extended follow-up in a randomized trial of hyperbaric oxygen for persistent post-concussive symptoms." 08/01/2016 - "We report results of an observational cohort study investigating long-term follow-up in participants from two completed United States military trials of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO₂) for persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS), as well as challenges in recruitment and retention in active-duty military personnel. " 07/01/2012 - "Hyperbaric oxygen for post-concussion syndrome: design of Department of Defense clinical trials." 01/01/2019 - "Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) has been proposed for persistent post-concussive symptoms after mTBI, but its effect on vestibular function is unknown. "
2.	salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)IBA 01/01/2022 - "TMS appears to be a potentially promising neuromodulation treatment strategy for post-concussive symptoms; however, integration into clinical practice will require larger sham-controlled randomized trials with longer and more consistent follow-up periods. " 03/01/2018 - "This Phase II, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial enrolled military personnel with mild TBI and persistent post-concussive symptoms. " 07/01/2012 - "The DoD's four randomized controlled trials will enroll a total of 242 service members with post-concussion syndrome and expose them to a range of control, sham and HBO2 conditions for 40 sessions over a period of eight to 11 weeks. " 12/01/2013 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for post-concussion syndrome: contradictory conclusions from a study mischaracterized as sham-controlled." 09/01/2013 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy no better than sham in improving post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury."
3.	MelatoninIBA 01/01/2021 - "Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial." 01/01/2023 - "Both Pinus radiata and melatonin may have benefit for persistent post-concussion symptoms; however, additional multi-center studies are necessary prior to making a definitive conclusion on these supplements' efficacy. " 07/07/2014 - "A double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial of 3 and 10 mg sublingual melatonin for post-concussion syndrome in youths (PLAYGAME): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial." 01/01/2020 - "Although children with persistent post-concussion symptoms reported more SRPs, this was not related to actigraphy sleep parameters or melatonin production. " 01/01/2020 - "Sleep Parameters and Overnight Urinary Melatonin Production in Children With Persistent Post-concussion Symptoms."
4.	Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)IBA 10/01/2016 - "Using a translational rodent model of concussion, we examined the influence of exercise on injury-associated behaviours that comprise post-concussive syndrome (PCS) and gene expression changes (bdnf, dnmt1, Igf-1, pgc1-a, Tert) in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. " 01/01/2017 - "Two haplotypes (H2 and H3) in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene were shown to be respectively deleterious and protective against post-concussion symptoms and pain in both acute and chronic phases. " 01/01/2017 - "Post-concussion symptoms and chronic pain after mild traumatic brain injury are modulated by multiple locus effect in the BDNF gene through the expression of antisense: A pilot prospective control study." 01/01/2017 - "Conclusions: This pilot study suggests a protective mechanism of a multilocus effect in BDNF, through BDNF-AS, against post-concussion symptoms and pain in the acute phase and possibly chronic pain at one year post-mTBI. "
5.	Topiramate (Topamax)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2020 - "Significant improvement occurred in both the topiramate and placebo groups over 12 weeks of treatment in alcohol use and post-concussive symptoms. " 01/01/2020 - "This pilot study aimed to obtain a preliminary assessment of topiramate's efficacy in reducing alcohol use and post-concussive symptoms, and its potential negative impact on cognitive function in 32 Veterans with co-occurring AUD and mTBI. " 01/01/2020 - "A randomized pilot trial of topiramate for alcohol use disorder in veterans with traumatic brain injury: Effects on alcohol use, cognition, and post-concussive symptoms."
6.	Methylphenidate (Ritalin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2017 - "Thirty participants who suffered from long-term post-concussion symptoms after a mild TBI or moderate TBI and who had reported positive effects with methylphenidate during an initial phase of this follow-up study were treated with methylphenidate for a further six months. " 04/01/2016 - "In this small pilot study, methylphenidate treatment was associated with clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement compared with placebo on the primary outcome, a measure of cognitive complaints (Ruff Neurobehavioral Inventory-Postmorbid Cognitive Scale), as well as on the secondary outcomes reflecting post-concussive (Rivermead Post Concussive Symptom Questionnaire) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist). "
7.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 08/17/2023 - "Cerebrospinal fluid levels of neuroinflammatory biomarkers are increased in athletes with persistent post-concussive symptoms following sports-related concussion." 08/10/2023 - "Although there is significant variability in the manifestations of persisting post-concussive symptoms (PPCS), autonomic dysfunction has been reported to contribute to PPCS and could serve as a biomarker of recovery. " 01/01/2023 - "The Clinical model was then extended with variables assessed before discharge from hospital: early post-concussion symptoms, CT variables, biomarkers, or all three categories (extended models). " 12/01/2022 - "To examine sense of smell as a biomarker for both severity and duration of post-concussion symptoms. " 01/01/2021 - "This protocol proposes to collect data on TBI subjects by a multi-modality approach that includes serum biomarkers, clinical assessments, neurocognitive performance, and neuropsychological characteristics, to determine the accuracy of the BRAINBox TBI test as an aid to the diagnosis of ATE, defined herein, and to objectively determine a patient's risk of developing post-concussive symptoms."
8.	Indicators and Reagents (Reagents)IBA 09/01/2021 - "This simulation study aimed to develop and test an embedded symptom validity indicator for use with the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). " 01/01/2023 - "The Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) was recently modified to include an embedded symptom validity indicator to test for atypical symptoms. " 11/08/2019 - "Although patients after complicated mTBI report slightly more post-concussion symptoms and show higher PCS rates compared to those after uncomplicated mTBI at three and six months, complicated mTBI was only found a weak indicator for these problems."
9.	Ondansetron (Zofran)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2017 - "Assess the feasibility of a study evaluating one dose of oral ondansetron to decrease post-concussion symptoms at one week and one month following concussion in children aged 8 to 17 years old. " 01/01/2019 - "In children presenting to the ED with an acute concussion, ondansetron use was associated with a higher risk of persistent post-concussion symptoms at 1 month. " 01/01/2019 - "Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for confounders did not show an association between ondansetron use and the risk of persistent post-concussion symptoms at 1 week (OR: 1.13 [95% CI: 0.86-1.49]), but it was associated with a higher risk at 1 month (OR: 1.33 [95% CI: 1.05-1.97]). " 01/01/2019 - "We examined the association between ondansetron administration and post-concussion symptoms in children at 1 week and 1 month following the concussion. "
10.	Carbon DioxideIBA 01/01/2018 - "The aim of the study was to examine group differences between individuals with and without post-concussion syndrome (PCS) in end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and respiratory rate (RR) during neurocognitive and physical tasks. " 01/01/2018 - "End-tidal carbon dioxide levels in patients with post-concussion syndrome during neurocognitive and physical tasks compared to a normative control group." 10/01/1966 - "Post-concussion syndrome: its etiology and treatment by inhalation of carbon dioxide and oxygen."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 01/01/2019 - "A Pilot Randomised Double-Blind Study of the Tolerability and efficacy of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome." 01/01/2019 - "This study investigates the effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) on persistent post-concussion syndrome (PCS). " 01/01/2020 - "Altered motor system function in post-concussion syndrome as assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation." 01/01/2021 - "Objective: To investigate the feasibility, tolerability, and efficacy of twice-daily, low frequency (LF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the reduction of chronic post-concussion symptoms (PCS) in patients who have suffered a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).Methods: 15 patients with mTBI received 30 sessions of twice-daily LF rTMS (1 Hz) over the right DLPFC. " 01/01/2021 - "Accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of post-concussion symptoms due to mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study."
2.	Hyperbaric Oxygenation 08/01/2023 - "The goal of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Post-Concussion Syndrome (HOT-POCS) is to assess the efficacy and safety of HBOT for the treatment of PCS in the civilian population. " 08/01/2023 - "Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy versus placebo for post-concussion syndrome (HOT-POCS): A randomized, double-blinded controlled pilot study." 01/01/2022 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in children with post-concussion syndrome improves cognitive and behavioral function: a randomized controlled trial." 01/01/2015 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for post concussion symptoms: issues may affect the results." 04/09/2014 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic post-concussive syndrome."
3.	Therapeutics 10/01/2021 - "Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Therapy: A Novel Treatment for Post-Concussion Syndrome?" 07/01/2021 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of CranioSacral Therapy (CST) in patients with Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) and capture patient-reported perceptions of clinical outcomes of lived treatment experiences. " 07/01/2021 - "Effects of CranioSacral therapy upon symptoms of post-acute concussion and Post-Concussion Syndrome: A pilot study." 03/25/2021 - "Two logistic regression models demonstrated how recommendations for cervical-specific therapy in persistent post-concussion symptom patients could be predicted based on (1) cervical test utilization and (2) perceptions and clinical experience with 79% and 78%, respectively. " 01/01/2021 - "Positive outcomes over a relatively short period of time without adverse effects suggest these therapies may offer viable options for the treatment of post-concussion syndrome."
4.	Musculoskeletal Manipulations (Manipulative Therapy) 08/01/2017 - "Studies have indicated that some manual therapies could be helpful for treating patients who have post-concussive syndrome. " 02/01/2021 - "The Utility of Neuromotor Retraining to Augment Manual Therapy and Vestibular Rehabilitation in a Patient with Post-Concussion Syndrome: A Case Report." 01/01/2021 - "Case report: Manual therapies promote resolution of persistent post-concussion symptoms in a 24-year-old athlete." 01/01/2021 - "This case report illustrates the treatment outcomes of a collegiate athlete presenting with an 18-month history of post-concussion syndrome who received a series of mixed manual therapies in isolation of other therapy. "
5.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 01/01/2022 - "Explore the feasibility, tolerability, and early efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a therapeutic intervention for youth with cognitive persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). " 01/01/2017 - "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Post-Concussion Syndrome: Study Protocol for a Randomized Crossover Trial."