Hammer Toe Syndrome (Hammer Toe)

A condition characterized by a series of interrelated digital symptoms and joint changes of the lesser digits and METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS of the FOOT. The syndrome can include some or all of the following conditions: hammer toe, claw toe, mallet toe, overlapping fifth toe, curly toe, EXOSTOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; interdigital heloma, or contracted toe.

Also Known As:

Hammer Toe; Clawtoe; Hammertoe Syndrome; Claw Toes; Clawtoes; Hammer Toes; Mallet Toes; Toe, Claw; Toe, Hammer; Toe, Mallet; Toes, Claw; Toes, Hammer; Toes, Mallet; Claw Toe; Mallet Toe

Networked: 117 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 10 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Musculoskeletal Diseases: 719
- Foot Deformities: 448
  - Hammer Toe Syndrome: 117

Related Diseases

1.	Congenital Abnormalities (Deformity)
2.	Hammer Toe Syndrome (Hammer Toe)
3.	Ulcer
4.	digital ulcers
5.	Contracture

Experts

1.	Bayod, Javier: 3 articles (07/2013 - 08/2009)
2.	Doblaré, Manuel: 3 articles (07/2013 - 08/2009)
3.	Lui, Tun Hing: 3 articles (02/2013 - 11/2007)
4.	Lui, T H: 2 articles (01/2020 - 07/2010)
5.	Rasmussen, Anne: 2 articles (12/2019 - 08/2013)
6.	Caraffa, Auro: 2 articles (03/2019 - 07/2015)
7.	Ceccarini, Alfredo: 2 articles (03/2019 - 07/2015)
8.	Ceccarini, Paolo: 2 articles (03/2019 - 07/2015)
9.	Rinonapoli, Giuseppe: 2 articles (03/2019 - 07/2015)
10.	Delank, K-S: 2 articles (12/2013 - 12/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hammer Toe Syndrome:

1.	SiliconesIBA 01/01/1992 - "A brief description of the historical correction of hammer toe is presented, with emphasis placed on the development and use of silicone prostheses. " 08/29/2012 - "As compared to the leather and silicone mould toe props, gel toe props were found to be the most effective for reducing peak pressure and pressure time integral on the apex of the second digit in patients with claw or hammer toe deformity." 05/01/2022 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the custom-made molded silicone toe prop in distributing apical and metatarsophalangeal joint peak plantar pressures and force-time integral in toe deformities, including hammertoes and claw toes, and to observe any difference in pressures between flexible and rigid toe deformities. " 01/01/1992 - "This manuscript deals with use of silicone implants as part of the correction for hammer toe deformity. "
2.	nitinolIBA 12/01/2019 - "A prospective analysis of 36 patients with claw toe or hammertoe who were treated with an intramedullary nitinol implant. " 12/01/2019 - "The efficacy of an intramedullary nitinol implant in the correction of claw toe or hammertoe deformities."
3.	Type A Botulinum Toxins (Botox)FDA Link 02/01/2012 - "Effective zone of botulinum toxin a injections in hallux claw toe syndrome: an anatomical study." 09/25/2022 - "(2) Methods: Subjects with stroke-related leg paralysis/spasticity and claw toes received multiple injections of BoNT (onabotulinumtoxin A) into the FHL or FDL muscles. "
4.	N 30IBA 01/01/2011 - "Patients with diabetic claw or hammer toe deformities (patient group; n = 30) and healthy subjects without toe deformities (control group; n = 30) were recruited into the study. "
5.	ElementsIBA 01/01/2022 - "Clinical Relevance: Finite element modeling and musculoskeletal simulation can shed light on the internal forces at the ankle in pathological conditions such as hammer toe. " 01/01/2021 - "A 3D finite element model of the human foot was constructed based on capturing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of a diabetic neuropathic volunteer exhibiting hammer toe. " 01/01/2023 - "A previously validated 3D finite element model which was constructed using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the diabetic participant with the hammer toe deformity was processed at five different events during the stance phase of gait. " 01/01/2022 - "A previously validated 3D finite element model (FEM) was constructed using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of a person with diabetes and hammer toe deformity. " 01/01/2021 - "Associations between changes in loading pattern, deformity, and internal stresses at the foot with hammer toe during walking; a finite element approach."
6.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 01/01/2022 - "Claw Toe: Anatomic Guide for Injection of Botulinum Toxin into Foot Muscles." 01/01/2023 - "Some patients with post-stroke claw toe respond well to botulinum toxin (BoNT) treatment while others do not. " 09/25/2022 - "(1) Background: The purpose of this retrospective case-control study was to determine the relationship between the control of toe movements by flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscles and the response to treatment with botulinum toxin (BoNT) in post-stroke patients with claw toe. " 01/01/2023 - "Treatment outcome of local injection of botulinum toxin for claw toe: Differences between cerebral hemorrhage and infarction."
7.	3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA DehydrogenaseIBA 12/01/2001 - "Fetal abnormalities including chylous ascites, polyhydramnios, claw hands, and hammer toes were identified in an infant who had a missense mutation R106P and a 52bp deletion in the gene for a peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme, D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase/D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, D-bifunctional protein. "
8.	Lactic Acid (Lactate)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2011 - "A new proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis procedure for hammer toe deformities utilizing a stiffer poly L-lactate 2-mm absorbable pin for internal fixation is presented. "
9.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 12/01/2001 - "Fetal abnormalities including chylous ascites, polyhydramnios, claw hands, and hammer toes were identified in an infant who had a missense mutation R106P and a 52bp deletion in the gene for a peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme, D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase/D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, D-bifunctional protein. "
10.	NAD (NADH)IBA 08/01/2021 - "Regarding the presence of DPN, the only significant relationships were found for the right foot with the deformity of the second toe (claw, hammer or mallet) (p = 0.017, OR 0.29 [0.10-0.83]) and for the left foot with the deformity of the second toe (p = 0.048; OR: 0.37 [0.14-1.01]), third toe (p = 0.012; OR: 0.29 [0.11-0.79]) and the presence of hallux extensus (p = 0.05; OR: 8.27 [1.05-64.98]). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Tenotomy 07/01/2021 - "Impact of intertendinous connections between the flexor digitorum brevis and longus on percutaneous tenotomy for the treatment of claw toes: an anatomic and ultrasound study." 12/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of needle tenotomies as a treatment option for hammer, mallet and claw toes in patients with diabetes. " 02/01/2022 - "Here we describe a rare case of penetration of the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanx head by the distal portion of a dual-component intramedullary implant during progression of mallet toe that was treated with flexor tenotomy. " 07/01/2021 - "Selective percutaneous tenotomy of the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) is a treatment for claw toes that gives astonishingly good functional results despite tendon sacrifice. " 06/01/2007 - "We recommend a transverse skin incision, Z-lengthening of the flexor digitorum longus in hammer toes and an associated tenotomy of the flexor digitorum brevis in curly toes."
2.	Tendon Transfer 12/01/2013 - "The aim of the study was to analyze the biomechanical effects of flexible claw toe correction by tendon transfer with the Girdlestone-Taylor approach using dynamic pedobarography. " 12/01/2017 - "Peroneal dysfunction is addressed by peroneus longus to brevis transfer, posterior tibial tendon transfer compensates for severe extensor weakness to a certain degree, claw toes can be rebalanced by flexor or extensor tendon transfer, often in combination with proximal interphalangeal joint fusion. " 12/01/2013 - "Atter Girdlestone-Taylor tendon transfer reestablishment of floor contact of flexible claw toes could be demonstrated by dynamic pedobarography." 01/01/1988 - "A retrospective analysis of modification of the flexor tendon transfer for correction of hammer toe." 08/07/2009 - "These results confirm that both the tendon-transfer techniques are effective in the treatment of claw toe deformity. "
3.	Arthrodesis 12/01/2012 - "In 32 patients with 64 fixed claw or hammer toes such a proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis was performed. " 09/01/2006 - "A bioabsorbable fixation implant for use in proximal interphalangeal joint (hammer toe) arthrodesis: Biomechanical testing in a synthetic bone substrate." 11/01/2002 - "Hammer toe correction by arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint using a cortical bone allograft pin." 02/01/2022 - "Addition of flexor tenotomy should be considered when performing PIP arthrodesis in a patient with risk factors for severe mallet toe." 02/01/2022 - "We successfully treated a man with penetration of the dorsal border of the middle phalanx head in the third toe by the distal portion of a dual-component intramedullary implant as a result of mallet toe that developed following PIP arthrodesis, by removing the implant and performing flexor tenotomy. "
4.	Tenodesis 10/01/2022 - "Claw Toe With Dislocated Second Metatarsophalangeal Joint: Treated by Plantar Plate Tenodesis and Release of Collateral Ligaments." 09/01/2011 - "To study the efficacy and safety of the combined plantar plate tenodesis and extensor digitorum brevis transfer in correction of claw toe deformity. " 07/01/2010 - "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the modified plantar plate tenodesis for correction of claw toe deformity. " 07/01/2010 - "Modified plantar plate tenodesis was performed in ten fresh frozen cadaveric feet with claw toe deformity of the second toe. " 07/01/2010 - "Modified plantar plate tenodesis for correction of claw toe deformity."
5.	Arthroplasty 06/01/1960 - "[Technical note on arthroplasty of the fingers and arthrodesis of hammer toes]." 03/01/2018 - "Hammer-toe deformities that fail nonoperative treatment can be successfully addressed with proximal interphalangeal joint resection arthroplasty or fusion. " 01/01/2014 - "From our results, interventions to prevent recurrence of hammer toe deformity, especially in toes with preoperative metatarsophalangeal joint dislocations, have been shown to be important in preventing complications and patient dissatisfaction after resection arthroplasty. " 12/01/2011 - "Prospective review of medium term outcomes following interpositional arthroplasty for hammer toe deformity correction." 04/01/2008 - "The authors present a modification of an interposition arthroplasty using the flexor digitorum longus for degeneration of the metatarsophalangeal joint with an associated hammer toe deformity. "