Metabolic Syndrome X (Dysmetabolic Syndrome X)

A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)

Also Known As:

Networked: 109 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 10 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Dyslipidemias (Dyslipidemia)
2.	Insulin Resistance
3.	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MODY)
4.	Cardiovascular Diseases (Cardiovascular Disease)
5.	Hyperglycemia

Experts

1.	Ernsberger, Paul: 6 articles (01/2006 - 03/2002)
2.	Velliquette, Rodney A: 6 articles (01/2006 - 03/2002)
3.	Das, Undurti N: 5 articles (12/2007 - 02/2004)
4.	Fedorova, T S: 3 articles (04/2005 - 05/2004)
5.	Gruzdeva, O V: 3 articles (04/2005 - 05/2004)
6.	Suslova, T E: 3 articles (04/2005 - 05/2004)
7.	Karpov, R S: 2 articles (04/2005 - 05/2004)
8.	Koletsky, Richard J: 2 articles (12/2003 - 03/2002)
9.	Kurup, Ravi Kumar: 2 articles (10/2003 - 12/2002)
10.	Kurup, Parameswara Achutha: 2 articles (10/2003 - 12/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Metabolic Syndrome X:

1.	FructoseIBA 01/01/1998 - "hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (Syndrome X), is associated with an impaired response to endothelium-dependent vasodilators and that fructose may directly contribute to this impairment. " 02/01/2013 - "Glycyrrhizin ameliorates insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome-X in rat model." 05/01/2014 - "We searched for the following keywords in each paper: metabolic syndrome x, insulin resistance, blood glucose, blood sugar, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, lipoproteins, HDL, cholesterol, LDL, blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertens*, waist circumference, and fructose, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, or sugar. " 10/01/2004 - "High fructose feeding induces insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypertension in rats and mimics most of the features of the metabolic syndrome X. The effects of a 6-week treatment with the transition metals administered in drinking water, vanadium (VOSO4.5H2O, 0.75 mg/mL) or tungsten (Na2O4W, 2 g/mL), were investigated on the reactivity to norepinephrine (NEPI) or acetylcholine (ACh) of thoracic aorta rings isolated from fructose (60%) or standard chow fed rats. "
2.	Glycyrrhizic Acid (Glycyrrhizin)IBA 02/01/2013 - "Glycyrrhizin ameliorates insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome-X in rat model."
3.	orlistat (Xenical)FDA Link 12/01/2000 - "Orlistat has improved metabolic syndrome X on a long-term basis. "
4.	Digoxin (Digitek)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2003 - "This study assessed the changes in digoxin and some other metabolites of the isoprenoid pathway in metabolic syndrome X presenting with multiple lacunar state. " 12/01/2001 - "This study assessed the changes in digoxin and some other metabolites of the isoprenoid pathway in metabolic syndrome X presenting with multiple lacunar state. " 12/01/2002 - "In view of the reports of elevated digoxin levels in metabolic syndrome X with high body mass index, the isoprenoid-mediated pathway biochemical cascade was assessed in individuals with high and low body mass index. " 12/01/2002 - "In view of the reports of elevated digoxin levels in metabolic syndrome X with high body mass index, the isoprenoid pathway mediated biochemical cascade was assessed in individuals with high and low body mass index. "
5.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/2002 - "In this study we show that 14-day RSG administration in a new rodent model of metabolic syndrome X, polydactylous rat strain (PD/Cub), substantially improves its lipid profile (serum TGs 4.20 +/- 0.23 vs 2.34 +/- 0.14 mmol/l, P < 0.0001; FFA 0.46 +/- 0.05 vs 0.33 +/- 0.02 mmol/l, P = 0.017), diminishes the liver TG depots (15.76 +/- 0.60 vs 8.44 +/- 0.55 micromol/g, P < 0.0001), serum insulin concentrations (1.10 +/- 0.08 vs 0.63 +/- 0.02 nmol/l, P < 0.0001) and promotes visceral adiposity (adiposity index 1.28 +/- 0.03 vs 1.85 +/- 0.07, P < 0.0001). " 04/01/2005 - "Basal and insulin-induced production of NO by monocytes significantly increased in patients with metabolic cardiovascular syndrome. " 04/01/2005 - "Effect of insulin on NO production by monocytes from patients with metabolic cardiovascular syndrome." 01/01/2004 - "The profile of activity is consistent with a unique form of insulin sensitization which is well suited for indications such as metabolic syndrome X and type 2 diabetes." 11/01/2003 - "Early menarche is characterized by excess body fatness and insulin beginning in early childhood and higher prevalence of clustering of adverse levels of risk variables of metabolic Syndrome X in young adulthood."
6.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2003 - "Using a rat model of metabolic syndrome X, we sought to separate the influence of these two receptors on glucose and lipid metabolism by using selective antagonists. " 12/01/2003 - "The role of I(1)-imidazoline receptors and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in the SHROB model of metabolic syndrome X." 08/01/2003 - "The role of I(1)-imidazoline and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the modulation of glucose metabolism in the spontaneously hypertensive obese rat model of metabolic syndrome X." 08/01/2000 - "Subjects with high BP often have the metabolic syndrome X, an aggregation of abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism. " 06/10/1994 - "However, greater understanding of the mechanisms linking reduced glucose tolerance and the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome is a strong argument to focussing the total risk profile, and not only, single risk factors, in preventive cardiovascular medicine."
7.	HDL CholesterolIBA 06/01/2002 - "Metabolic Syndrome X is a clinical entity which comprises the following factors: diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, high levels of triglyceride and/or low levels of HDL cholesterol, central obesity and microalbuminuria (by WHO criteria). " 11/01/1997 - "Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is commonly associated with hypertriglyceridaemia, low serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations, hypertension, obesity and accelerated atherosclerosis (metabolic syndrome X). " 12/06/2000 - "From the view of the metabolic syndrome X, the negative correlation between the serum levels of 7-beta-(OH)-DHEA and insulinemia (r = -0.28; p = 0.23), glycemia (r = -0.48; p < 0.001), serum level of uric acid (r = -0.35; p = 0.02) and opposite the positive correlation between the serum level of HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.42; p < 0.01) should be pointed out. " 03/01/2003 - "Recently, much more attention has been paid to the relationship between triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and risk of IHD because the combined lipid profile of a high fasting triglyceride level and a low HDL cholesterol level is the characteristic dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome X. The objective of the present review article is to use data from the Copenhagen Male Study to demonstrate that, in men, fasting hypertriglyceridemia is a strong risk factor of IHD independent of other major risk factors of IHD, and that the combined lipid profile of a high fasting triglyceride level and a low HDL cholesterol level, the characteristic dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome X, is a very strong and important risk factor of IHD, at least as strong and important as a high LDL cholesterol level." 11/09/2001 - "Chronic elevation of systemic levels of acute phase reactants and inflammatory cytokines found in patients with diabetes and the often-associated metabolic syndrome X (hypertriglyceridemia, low serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, and accelerated atherosclerosis) may be responsible for the increased incidence of cardiovascular problems in this population. "
8.	Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol)IBA 01/01/1992 - "High levels of plasma triglycerides and very-low-density lipoproteins and low levels of high-density lipoproteins are consistently found in the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome. " 03/01/2003 - "Recently, much more attention has been paid to the relationship between triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and risk of IHD because the combined lipid profile of a high fasting triglyceride level and a low HDL cholesterol level is the characteristic dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome X. The objective of the present review article is to use data from the Copenhagen Male Study to demonstrate that, in men, fasting hypertriglyceridemia is a strong risk factor of IHD independent of other major risk factors of IHD, and that the combined lipid profile of a high fasting triglyceride level and a low HDL cholesterol level, the characteristic dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome X, is a very strong and important risk factor of IHD, at least as strong and important as a high LDL cholesterol level." 01/01/1992 - "The association between blood pressure and coronary artery disease may be caused by a concurrence of atherogenic biochemical abnormalities in hypertensive patients, i.e., the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome (increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin; decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; and insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and blood platelet dysfunction). " 05/01/2014 - "We searched for the following keywords in each paper: metabolic syndrome x, insulin resistance, blood glucose, blood sugar, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, lipoproteins, HDL, cholesterol, LDL, blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertens*, waist circumference, and fructose, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, or sugar. "
9.	LDL CholesterolIBA 05/01/2005 - "These associated complications are the result of a genetic defect that produces insulin resistance--Syndrome X. Increased microalbuminuria correlates with increased levels of blood pressure (BP) and increased LDL cholesterol, and this is why microalbuminuria is associated with an increase in cardiovascular deaths in diabetics, even in the absence of renal failure. " 10/01/1998 - "This may account for a highly favourable effect of pravastatin on reduced manifestations of atherosclerosis complications event at a low LDL cholesterol decrease (particularly in persons with metabolic cardiovascular syndrome)." 03/01/2003 - "Recently, much more attention has been paid to the relationship between triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and risk of IHD because the combined lipid profile of a high fasting triglyceride level and a low HDL cholesterol level is the characteristic dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome X. The objective of the present review article is to use data from the Copenhagen Male Study to demonstrate that, in men, fasting hypertriglyceridemia is a strong risk factor of IHD independent of other major risk factors of IHD, and that the combined lipid profile of a high fasting triglyceride level and a low HDL cholesterol level, the characteristic dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome X, is a very strong and important risk factor of IHD, at least as strong and important as a high LDL cholesterol level." 05/01/2014 - "We searched for the following keywords in each paper: metabolic syndrome x, insulin resistance, blood glucose, blood sugar, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, lipoproteins, HDL, cholesterol, LDL, blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertens*, waist circumference, and fructose, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, or sugar. "
10.	HormonesIBA 05/01/2003 - "This study evaluated the components and the related hormone releasing organs, the mechanism of action of these hormones, and the origins of the cells and organs in a disorder known as metabolic syndrome X, the prevalence of which is rapidly increasing particularly among the adult population of industrial societies. " 05/01/2003 - "Metabolic syndrome X, involving carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders and cardiovascular disorders caused by the release of primary hormones, alpha and beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas, adrenal gland medulla's chromaffin cells, sympathetic nervous system neurons and ganglia, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis and hypothalamus, were evaluated for being neuroectodermal and mainly having neural crest origin. " 10/01/2003 - "Evidence is presented that the liver, the endothelium, and fat cell depots are the primary sources of cytokines, particularly IL-6, and that IL-6 and the acute phase protein (APP), C-reactive protein (CRP), are strongly associated with, and likely play a dominant role in, the development of this inflammatory process which leads to insulin resistance, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus type II, and Metabolic syndrome X. The possible role of psychological stress and the major stress-related hormones as etiologic factors in the pathogenesis of these metabolic diseases, as well as atherosclerosis, is discussed. " 01/01/2007 - "Thus, hypothyroidism attenuates the pressor effect of NO inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, whereas hyperthyroidism aggravates the effects of NO synthesis inhibition; the sex hormone environment determines the blood pressure response to NO blockade; NO may play a homeostatic role against the prohypertensive effects of mineralocorticoids, thyroid hormones and insulin; and finally, NO deficiency affects not only blood pressure but also glucose and lipid homeostasis, mimicking the human metabolic syndrome X, suggesting that NO deficiency may be a link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet (Low Carbohydrate Diet) 07/01/2003 - "High fat, low carbohydrate diets are popularly advocated for weight loss and improvement in metabolic Syndrome X, a constellation of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. "
2.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 01/01/2004 - "Differences on measures of metabolic syndrome X and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, as well as potential pathophysiological mediators, inflammation, and oxidative stress, were examined as a function of HIV serostatus and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen with and without protease inhibitors (PIs). "
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 05/01/2001 - "Ten weeks after renal transplantation glucose intolerance is associated with a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic abnormalities, consistent with a post-transplant metabolic cardiovascular syndrome."
4.	Kidney Transplantation 05/01/2001 - "Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome after renal transplantation." 05/01/2001 - "Ten weeks after renal transplantation glucose intolerance is associated with a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic abnormalities, consistent with a post-transplant metabolic cardiovascular syndrome."
5.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/2006 - "The obtained results allow the use of Laser-biophotometry in vivo method in the evaluation and observation of the pathological processes accompanied by water retention in the organism, differentiation of the processes concerning fat accumulation (obesity, metabolic X syndrome, etc.). "