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Myeloid Sarcoma (Chloroma)

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An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

Also Known As:

Chloroma; Sarcoma, Myeloid; Extramedullary Myeloid Cell Tumor; Myeloid Cell Tumor, Extramedullary; Chloromas; Granulocytic Sarcoma; Granulocytic Sarcomas; Myeloid Sarcomas; Sarcomas, Granulocytic; Sarcomas, Myeloid; Sarcoma, Granulocytic

Networked: 327 relevant articles (18 outcomes, 12 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Neoplasms: 649836
- Neoplasms by Histologic Type: 1
  - Leukemia: 41436
    - Myeloid Leukemia: 2978
      - Myeloid Sarcoma: 327
        Primary granulocytic sarcoma: 11
  - Connective and Soft Tissue Neoplasms
    - Sarcoma: 14738
      - Myeloid Sarcoma: 327
        Primary granulocytic sarcoma: 11

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	BCR-ABL Positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia)
3.	Leukemia
4.	Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)
5.	Philadelphia Chromosome

Experts

1.	Kanamori, Heiwa: 2 articles (12/2014 - 07/2009)
2.	Kfoury, H: 2 articles (09/2014 - 09/2001)
3.	Ishida, Hiroyuki: 2 articles (08/2014 - 08/2004)
4.	Imamura, Toshihiko: 2 articles (08/2014 - 08/2004)
5.	Nagai, Kenichi: 2 articles (04/2014 - 12/2006)
6.	Hassan, Anjum: 2 articles (05/2013 - 12/2011)
7.	Frisch, Stephanie: 2 articles (05/2013 - 12/2011)
8.	Lind, Anne C: 2 articles (05/2013 - 12/2011)
9.	Frater, John L: 2 articles (05/2013 - 12/2011)
10.	Nguyen, Tudung T: 2 articles (05/2013 - 12/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Myeloid Sarcoma:

1.	imatinib (Gleevec)FDA Link 06/01/2014 - "Complete response of monoblastic myeloid sarcoma with FIP1L1- PDGFRA rearrangement to imatinib monotherapy." 01/01/2013 - "Despite its aggressive clinical behavior attributed to myeloid sarcoma in general, the presence of PDGFRA rearrangement in this case conferred a high sensitivity to imatinib treatment and a favorable clinical outcome." 09/01/2008 - "Long-term remission with imatinib mesylate in Philadelphia chromosome-positive AML presenting as primary extramedullary myeloid sarcoma." 01/01/2013 - "Although rare cases of PDGFRA rearrangement-associated acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemia can occur, nonleukemic myeloid sarcoma has not been reported, and its sensitivity to imatinib treatment is unknown. " 01/01/2012 - "Complete response of myeloid sarcoma with FIP1L1-PDGFRA -associated myeloproliferative neoplasms to imatinib mesylate monotherapy."
2.	Peroxidase (Myeloperoxidase)IBA 08/01/2008 - "Subsequent histopathology disclosed sheets of mononuclear cells in the orbital mass, and immunohistochemical stains demonstrated positive results for myeloperoxidase and CD43, which supported the diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma (GS). " 01/01/2006 - "Immunohistochemical studies were performed with CD117 and myeloperoxidase identifying the malignant cell population as myeloblasts, leading to a diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma. " 08/01/1970 - "[Studies on peroxidase of experimental chloroma]." 12/01/2015 - "Core biopsy was suggestive of myeloid sarcoma and immunohistochemistry was positive for myeloperoxidase and negative for CD3, CD 20 and CD 23. " 04/01/2015 - "Diffuse immunopositivity for myeloperoxidase, CD34 and CD117 established a diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma. "
3.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/2003 - "Immunohistochemistry study with a panel of antibodies in combination with bone marrow and peripheral blood examination are helpful in identification of granulocytic sarcoma." 09/04/2013 - "The analysis revealed that the F8 and F16 antibodies strongly stained 70% of AML and 75% of ALL bone marrow specimens, whereas chloroma biopsies were stained with all three antibodies. " 12/01/2011 - "Our results indicate that in addition to classical immunohistochemical markers, targeted use of newer antibodies, including CD33, CD14 and KLF-4 is useful in the diagnosis of cutaneous myeloid sarcoma and in the detection of monocytic differentiation." 02/01/1989 - "Tissue from two patients with granulocytic sarcomas stained positively for MT1 and S100 protein antibodies; both of these cases presented considerable clinical and histological diagnostic difficulties until acute myeloblastic leukaemia spread to the bone marrow. " 02/01/1989 - "Granulocytic sarcoma: misleading immunohistological staining with MT1 and S100 protein antibodies."
4.	HLA-DR Antigens (HLA-DR)IBA 01/01/2000 - "The case was referred with a diagnosis of "rule out granulocytic sarcoma versus megakaryocytic malignancy" due to the morphology and a limited flow cytometric immunophenotypic (FCI) panel that had been performed and revealed expression of CD45, HLA-DR, and CD13. " 01/01/2011 - "Pathological analysis of the tumor mass showed an infiltrate of immature cells which were positive for CD13, CD33, CD15, CD11b, and CD64, and negative for CD34, CD117, and HLA-DR. The patient achieved complete remission following a 1-week course of chemotherapy, however, 7 months later she developed a second granulocytic sarcoma in the left soleus muscle. " 11/01/2000 - "The present study was designed to evaluate the lineage differentiation (particularly monocytic differentiation) of immature myeloid cells in granulocytic sarcoma (GS) by immunohistochemistry and correlate the results with lineage differentiation of blasts in the bone marrow and to determine the degree of maturation of the infiltrating myeloid cells in GS by immunohistochemistry using CD34 and HLA-DR. Immunohistochemical stains were performed on paraffin-embedded tissue from 17 GS lesions with lineage-associated markers: myeloperoxidase, CD68 (KP1), CD68 (PG-Ml), glycophorin A, factor VIII, and CD56; and with markers for blasts and immature myeloid cells: CD34 and HLA-DR. Our results show that positive staining with PG-M1, but not KP1, suggests monocytic differentiation of myeloid cells in GS and correlates with the monocytic differentiation of blasts in the bone marrow. "
5.	Muramidase (Lysozyme)IBA 12/01/2011 - "A minimal panel of immunohistochemical markers should include anti-CD43 or anti-lysozyme as a lack of immunoreactivity for either of these sensitive markers would be inconsistent with a diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma. " 10/01/2004 - "This report of such a rare clinical and pathological presentation of a myeloid sarcoma underlines a difficult differential diagnosis for which adequate immunohistochemistry, including lysozyme and myeloperoxydase is mandatory." 12/01/1997 - "The combination of Leder and lysozyme stains is useful in the diagnosis of orbital granulocytic sarcoma. " 07/01/1994 - "Lysozyme and CD43 labeled 26 of 29 granulocytic sarcomas, showing intense cytoplasmic staining. " 10/01/1986 - "At this stage, the original biopsies were reviewed and considered in retrospect to be granulocytic sarcoma on the basis of staining for chloracetate esterase and lysozyme. "
6.	Cytarabine (Cytosar-U)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2014 - "Rapid remineralization of multiple disseminated bone lesions after high-dose cytarabine in a patient with isolated myeloid sarcoma." 01/01/2004 - "Acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)(q22;q22) manifesting as granulocytic sarcomas in the rhinopharynx and external acoustic meatus at relapse after high-dose cytarabine: case report and review of the literature." 01/01/1986 - "The first patient had received 30 gm of intravenous Ara-C with cranial irradiation (1680 rad in 2 fractions) and intrathecal Ara-C (100 mg X twice) for an intracerebral chloroma and leptomeningeal leukemia. " 01/01/1991 - "An 8-year-old boy with a granulocytic sarcoma of the proximal ileum metastatic to mesenteric lymph nodes was placed into complete remission with surgical excision of the primary tumor and conventional induction chemotherapy with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. "
7.	Hematoxylin (Haematoxylon)IBA 01/01/2002 - "Two cases of granulocytic sarcoma were found to contain numerous crystalline inclusions identified on hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections as clusters of pointed needlelike crystals present in foci of necrosis or within macrophages. " 04/01/1989 - "In addition to hematoxylin and eosin, myeloperoxidase stain and specific stains for lysozyme and esterase were helpful in confirming the histologic diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma. "
8.	Eosine Yellowish-(YS) (Eosin)IBA 01/01/2002 - "Two cases of granulocytic sarcoma were found to contain numerous crystalline inclusions identified on hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections as clusters of pointed needlelike crystals present in foci of necrosis or within macrophages. " 04/01/1989 - "In addition to hematoxylin and eosin, myeloperoxidase stain and specific stains for lysozyme and esterase were helpful in confirming the histologic diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma. "
9.	Daunorubicin (Cerubidine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1991 - "An 8-year-old boy with a granulocytic sarcoma of the proximal ileum metastatic to mesenteric lymph nodes was placed into complete remission with surgical excision of the primary tumor and conventional induction chemotherapy with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. "
10.	ParaffinIBA 11/01/2001 - "In this study, we investigated the expression of c-Kit in granulocytic sarcoma (GS) using paraffin-embedded tissue. " 11/01/2004 - "However, immunohistochemical evaluation of CD163 expression does not seem to be a sensitive means of determining monocytic differentiation in AMLs in paraffin sections or establishing a diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma." 04/01/2000 - "Paraffin sections of 11 chloromas and 94 bone marrow core biopsies from 66 patients were stained with CD99 monoclonal antibody 12E7. " 10/01/1995 - "Both B-LBL/ALL and myeloid sarcomas were often CD45- on paraffin sections, which may be a obstacle in determining the diagnosis. " 02/01/2008 - "This anti-CD33 antibody will be a useful marker in the workup of acute leukemias and myeloid sarcomas on paraffin-embedded tissue samples."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 05/01/2004 - "We describe the first case of AML that relapsed as chloroma of the uterine cervix after complete remission of the AML, which had complete response to only systemic chemotherapy." 01/01/1982 - "He has been in continuous complete remission 34 months after the start of chemotherapy and 44 months after the development of granulocytic sarcoma." 06/01/1994 - "Biopsy of the hilar mass was not technically possible, but it almost certainly represented a granulocytic sarcoma since chemotherapy induced rapid resolution of the mass along with reversal of the clubbing and remission of the leukaemia. " 10/01/2008 - "After remission induced by conventional chemotherapy, which continued for 3 and 10 years respectively, a myeloid sarcoma was diagnosed. " 11/01/2015 - "Prognostic indicators for myeloid sarcoma have not been well established, but survival may be improved by undergoing chemotherapy designed to treat AML."
2.	Bone Marrow Transplantation (Transplantation, Bone Marrow) 03/05/2015 - "Isolated myeloid sarcoma can be seen as a relapse in cases with allogenic bone marrow transplantation. " 10/15/2013 - "Involvement of Gpr125 in the myeloid sarcoma formation induced by cooperating MLL/AF10(OM-LZ) and oncogenic KRAS in a mouse bone marrow transplantation model." 03/01/2013 - "We also discuss the clinicopathologic features of granulocytic sarcoma in breast after bone marrow transplantation." 03/01/2013 - "We have experienced 2 cases of granulocytic sarcoma after bone marrow transplantation. " 03/01/2013 - "Granulocytic sarcoma in breast after bone marrow transplantation."
3.	Radiotherapy 02/01/1999 - "A patient who underwent a second allo-BMT following local radiotherapy is alive and in complete remission more than 33 months after the diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma. " 09/01/2014 - "The authors present a case of a female with a granulocytic sarcoma of the breast and review the literature for the role of radiotherapy in the management of this clinical entity. " 09/01/2014 - "Radiotherapy for granulocytic sarcoma of the breast-Case report and review of the literature." 05/01/2013 - "Histopathology revealed myeloid sarcoma for which she underwent external beam radiotherapy. " 02/01/2013 - "Based on our results, the treatment of myeloid sarcoma requires a systemic rather than a localized approach with surgery or radiotherapy. "
4.	Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation (Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation) 10/01/2004 - "Chloroma of the testis after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: a case report." 11/01/2002 - "Disseminated granulocytic sarcoma treated with allogeneic peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation." 01/01/2013 - "This case suggests that high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is a therapeutic option for granulocytic sarcoma." 01/01/2013 - "Successful treatment of bulky granulocytic sarcoma of the retroperitoneum with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation." 10/01/2004 - "We report an interesting case of a 35-year-old male with a clinical history of chronic myelogenous leukemia post allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and complete molecular remission, who was found to have chloroma of the left testis."
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1995 - "Exposure of the chloroma cells to various doses of hydroxyurea, a G1 arrest inducing agent, caused cell apoptosis within 24-48 h after treatment. " 06/01/2015 - "Ph-negative isolated myeloid sarcoma with NPM1 gene mutation in adolescent with Ph-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in remission after treatment with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and imatinib mesylate." 08/01/1996 - "This case illustrates that chloromas of the skin can occur as late as 6 years after treatment for AML and also emphasizes that the occurrence of a chloroma does not necessarily mean immediate leukemia relapse. "