Diffuse Axonal Injury

A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; DEMENTIA; and other disorders.

Also Known As:

Networked: 239 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 43 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Traumatic Brain Injuries (Traumatic Brain Injury)
2.	Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia)
3.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
4.	Hypothermia
5.	Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety Disorder)

Experts

1.	Song, Jinning: 7 articles (09/2020 - 02/2013)
2.	Zhang, Ming: 5 articles (09/2020 - 02/2013)
3.	Povlishock, John T: 5 articles (01/2018 - 04/2004)
4.	Paiva, Wellingson Silva: 4 articles (02/2022 - 01/2011)
5.	Jang, Sung Ho: 4 articles (10/2021 - 01/2005)
6.	Huang, Tingqin: 4 articles (09/2020 - 01/2017)
7.	Zhao, Yonglin: 4 articles (01/2020 - 01/2017)
8.	Büki, András: 3 articles (01/2022 - 05/2006)
9.	Caeyenberghs, Karen: 3 articles (01/2021 - 05/2019)
10.	Deblaere, Karel: 3 articles (01/2021 - 05/2019)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diffuse Axonal Injury:

1.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 08/01/2009 - "To examine the differential expression of protein of thalamus in rats with diffuse axonal injury. " 08/01/1999 - "This diffuse axonal injury is characterised by a gradual swelling of the axon associated with an accumulation of cellular organelles and proteins. " 08/01/2016 - "To establish the imaging mass spectrometry for analysis of differentially expressed proteins distribution in the rat brains with diffuse axonal injury （DAI） based on matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight imaging mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-IMS）. " 07/01/2007 - "Proteins released to the circulation from affected glial (neuron specific enolasis, NSE) or ganglial cells (S-100b protein) during traumatic brain injury might be used in diagnosis of traumatic brain injury in cases with negative finding on computer tomography scan (concussion) or in patients where the serious clinical status does not corresponde with mild changes on CT scan (diffuse axonal injury, DAI). " 01/01/2020 - "These findings suggest that network spread may help explain patterns of distant gray matter thinning, which would be consistent with Wallerian degeneration of the white matter connections (i.e., "diaschisis") from diffuse axonal injuries and multifocal contusive injuries, and the neurodegenerative patterns of abnormal protein aggregation and transmission, which are hallmarks of brain changes in TBI. "
2.	Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)IBA 04/01/2008 - "The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of PACAP administration on diffuse axonal injury (DAI), an important contributor to morbidity and mortality associated with TBI, in a central fluid percussion (CFP) model of TBI. " 05/01/2006 - "While the results of this study highlighted the complexity of the pathogenesis and manifestation of diffuse axonal injury, they also indicate that PACAP should be considered a potential therapeutic agent in TBI." 05/01/2006 - "Based on the protective effects of PACAP in cerebral ischemia and the presence of common pathogenic mechanisms in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury (TBI), the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible protective effect of PACAP administered 30 min or 1 h postinjury in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury. " 12/15/2004 - "The aim of the present study was to examine the possible neuroprotective effect of PACAP in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury induced by impact acceleration. "
3.	Phosphorus (Red Phosphorus)IBA 12/01/1995 - "The present study has used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and the rotarod motor test to characterize metabolic and neurologic consequences of severe diffuse axonal injury in rats induced by impact acceleration. " 03/01/1998 - "The present study compares the neuroprotective efficacy of MgSO4 and MgCl2 in a severe model of diffuse axonal injury in rats using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the rotarod test to monitor effects on metabolism and neurologic outcome, respectively. "
4.	Amyloid beta-PeptidesIBA 04/01/2009 - "We found sinusoidal swelling of axons and waving axons, which are typical findings of Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI), but no positive staining of beta amyloid. " 08/01/2005 - "[Expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein in diffuse axonal injury of rats]." 02/01/1999 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) immunohistochemical staining is highly sensitive in identifying diffuse axonal injury. " 01/01/1999 - "Recently, it has been reported that a diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury in cases with a short survival period can be made with the use of immunolabelling for beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). " 03/01/2011 - "Animals were terminated 24 or 48 hours after trauma, and a series of six coronal sections through the entire anterior-posterior extent of the corpus callosum were selected from each brain for quantification of diffuse axonal injury by beta-amyloid precursor protein immunostaining. "
5.	Magnesium ChlorideFDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1998 - "The present study compares the neuroprotective efficacy of MgSO4 and MgCl2 in a severe model of diffuse axonal injury in rats using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the rotarod test to monitor effects on metabolism and neurologic outcome, respectively. " 03/01/1998 - "These earlier studies, however, have been limited to models of injury that do not produce a significant degree of diffuse axonal injury and have used either MgSO4 or MgCl2 as the magnesium salt. "
6.	Indicators and Reagents (Reagents)IBA 01/01/2023 - "Mechanical mechanism and indicator of diffuse axonal injury under blast-type acceleration." 09/01/2012 - "While diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can help to detect diffuse axonal injury (DAI), it is a limited indicator of tissue complexity. " 10/01/2004 - "Corpus callosum is one of the common sites of brain lesion, whose involvement is an indicator of a more severe prognosis, produced by traumatic shearing stresses resulting in diffuse axonal injury (DAI). " 07/01/1992 - "The results suggest that parenchymal lesion in the early CT is an indicator of diffuse axonal injury, which results in cognitive inflexibility during recovery." 10/17/2021 - "Based on these results, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage patients also exhibit diffuse axonal injuries; thus, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage could be an indicator of the presence of severe brain injuries associated with acute or excessive mechanical forces."
7.	Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2004 - "To observe rat's memory and learning behavior after diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and evaluate the treatment efficacy of cyclosporin A (CsA). " 04/01/2004 - "[Neurobehavior changes of rats after diffuse axonal injury and the treatment effect with cyclosporin A]." 03/03/2003 - "Cyclosporin A 10 mg/kg i.v. produced the greatest degree of neuroprotection against diffuse axonal injury; cyclosporin A 50 mg/kg i.v. was toxic. " 01/01/2014 - "The efficacy of Cyclosporine-A on Diffuse Axonal Injury after Traumatic Brain Injury." 01/01/2014 - "To evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of cyclosporine-A (CsA) in improvement of consciousness and cognitive dysfunction of patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) after traumatic brain. "
8.	Caveolin 1IBA 02/01/2023 - "Hyperglycemia Aggravates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Following Diffuse Axonal Injury by Increasing the Levels of Inflammatory Mediators through the PPARγ/Caveolin-1/TLR4 Pathway." 06/01/2016 - "Rosiglitazone ameliorates diffuse axonal injury by reducing loss of tau and up-regulating caveolin-1 expression." 06/01/2016 - "Therefore, we postulated that rosiglitazone may ameliorate diffuse axonal injury via its ability to up-regulate caveolin-1, inhibit expression of amyloid-beta precursor protein, and reduce the loss and abnormal phosphorylation of tau. " 06/01/2016 - "Our results show that rosiglitazone inhibits the expression of amyloid-beta precursor protein and lowers p-tau (S(404)) levels, and it reduces the loss of total tau, possibly by up-regulating caveolin-1. These actions of rosiglitazone may underlie its neuroprotective effects in the treatment of diffuse axonal injury. "
9.	Rosiglitazone (Avandia)FDA Link 06/01/2016 - "Rosiglitazone ameliorates diffuse axonal injury by reducing loss of tau and up-regulating caveolin-1 expression." 06/01/2019 - "Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist Rosiglitazone Protects Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Following Diffuse Axonal Injury by Decreasing the Levels of Inflammatory Mediators Through a Caveolin-1-Dependent Pathway." 06/01/2019 - "Our early experiments confirmed that rosiglitazone (RSG), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, had therapeutic potential for the treatment of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) by inhibiting the expression of amyloid-beta precursor protein and reducing the loss and abnormal phosphorylation of tau, but the underlying mechanisms were not fully defined. " 06/01/2016 - "Therefore, we postulated that rosiglitazone may ameliorate diffuse axonal injury via its ability to up-regulate caveolin-1, inhibit expression of amyloid-beta precursor protein, and reduce the loss and abnormal phosphorylation of tau. " 06/01/2016 - "Our results show that rosiglitazone inhibits the expression of amyloid-beta precursor protein and lowers p-tau (S(404)) levels, and it reduces the loss of total tau, possibly by up-regulating caveolin-1. These actions of rosiglitazone may underlie its neuroprotective effects in the treatment of diffuse axonal injury. "
10.	Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)FDA Link 01/01/2005 - "Our data indicate that vitamin D3 has a beneficial effect in diffuse axonal injury and may be useful in the management of this condition." 01/01/2005 - "We investigated the therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in a rat diffuse axonal injury model. " 01/01/2005 - "Therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in a rat diffuse axonal injury model."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 05/14/2015 - "These features make them appealing candidates for cellular therapies of diffuse axonal injury aiming at myelin remodeling and axonal protection or regeneration." 03/01/2013 - "Therapy development for diffuse axonal injury." 01/15/2014 - "Quantitative assessment of diffusion tensor imaging indicates that mild hypothermia therapy may be beneficial for patients with diffuse axonal injury. " 04/24/2018 - "Effects of transcranial LED therapy on the cognitive rehabilitation for diffuse axonal injury due to severe acute traumatic brain injury: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial." 12/18/2013 - "Diffuse axonal injury is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and often co-occurs with hypoxia, resulting in poor neurological outcome for which there is no current therapy. "
2.	Cognitive Training 10/05/2015 - "The primary goal is to conduct a study protocol to determine whether rTMS used to cognitive rehabilitation of victims of TBI with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a safe instrument and if it enhances cognitive function recovery. " 01/30/2021 - "Beneficial effects of a multidomain cognitive rehabilitation program for traumatic brain injury-associated diffuse axonal injury: a case report." 04/24/2018 - "Effects of transcranial LED therapy on the cognitive rehabilitation for diffuse axonal injury due to severe acute traumatic brain injury: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial."
3.	Axotomy 01/01/2019 - "Regarding the determination of the biomechanical parameters in a reliable in vitro cell model for diffuse axonal injury (DAI), our study aimed to demonstrate connections between those parameters and secondary axotomy through examination of morphological alterations under a variety of traumatic conditions. " 03/01/2018 - "Diffuse axonal injury is defined as widespread axonal damage and is characterized by complete axotomy and secondary reactions due to overall axonopathy. " 04/01/1997 - "In animal models of human diffuse axonal injury, axonal swellings leading to secondary axotomy occur between 2 and 6 h after injury. " 12/01/2007 - "Following central nervous system trauma, diffuse axonal injury and secondary axotomy result from a cascade of cellular alterations including cytoskeletal and mitochondrial disruption. "
4.	Lasers (Laser) 12/01/2016 - "Identifying Diffuse Axonal Injury by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight: A New Method for Pathological Observation." 02/01/2016 - "To establish a diagnostic model for diffuse axonal injury (DAI) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). " 08/01/2016 - "To establish the imaging mass spectrometry for analysis of differentially expressed proteins distribution in the rat brains with diffuse axonal injury （DAI） based on matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight imaging mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-IMS）. " 12/01/2016 - "The aim of this study was to identify the diffuse axonal injury (DAI) of rat through screening out differentially expressed proteins which may represent potential biomarkers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), which could make a contribution for the research of forensic pathology. "
5.	Electroacupuncture 03/11/2021 - "Preliminary study of the consciousness-promotion mechanism of electroacupuncture in comatose patients with diffuse axonal injuries." 06/01/2010 - "The therapy of continunous electroacupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) on the basis of routine western medicine has a better therapeutic effect for comatose patients with severe cranio cerebral trauma, especially for those with diffuse axonal injury."