Diffuse Axonal Injury

A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; DEMENTIA; and other disorders.

Also Known As:

Networked: 113 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 22 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Brain Injuries (Brain Injury)
2.	Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia)
3.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
4.	Craniocerebral Trauma (Head Injury)
5.	Inflammation

Experts

1.	Sámal, F: 3 articles (01/2012 - 07/2006)
2.	Vajtr, D: 3 articles (01/2012 - 07/2006)
3.	Tamás, Andrea: 3 articles (04/2008 - 12/2004)
4.	Dóczi, Tamás: 3 articles (04/2008 - 12/2004)
5.	Farkas, Orsolya: 3 articles (04/2008 - 12/2004)
6.	Pál, József: 3 articles (04/2008 - 12/2004)
7.	Povlishock, John T: 3 articles (05/2006 - 04/2004)
8.	Jafarian-Tehrani, Mehrnaz: 2 articles (01/2015 - 05/2010)
9.	Marchand-Leroux, Catherine: 2 articles (01/2015 - 05/2010)
10.	Shokouhi, Ghaffar: 2 articles (11/2014 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diffuse Axonal Injury:

1.	Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)IBA 04/01/2008 - "The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of PACAP administration on diffuse axonal injury (DAI), an important contributor to morbidity and mortality associated with TBI, in a central fluid percussion (CFP) model of TBI. " 05/01/2006 - "While the results of this study highlighted the complexity of the pathogenesis and manifestation of diffuse axonal injury, they also indicate that PACAP should be considered a potential therapeutic agent in TBI." 12/15/2004 - "The aim of the present study was to examine the possible neuroprotective effect of PACAP in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury induced by impact acceleration. " 05/01/2006 - "Based on the protective effects of PACAP in cerebral ischemia and the presence of common pathogenic mechanisms in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury (TBI), the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible protective effect of PACAP administered 30 min or 1 h postinjury in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury. "
2.	PhosphorusIBA 12/01/1995 - "The present study has used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and the rotarod motor test to characterize metabolic and neurologic consequences of severe diffuse axonal injury in rats induced by impact acceleration. " 03/01/1998 - "The present study compares the neuroprotective efficacy of MgSO4 and MgCl2 in a severe model of diffuse axonal injury in rats using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the rotarod test to monitor effects on metabolism and neurologic outcome, respectively. "
3.	Magnesium ChlorideFDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1998 - "The present study compares the neuroprotective efficacy of MgSO4 and MgCl2 in a severe model of diffuse axonal injury in rats using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the rotarod test to monitor effects on metabolism and neurologic outcome, respectively. " 03/01/1998 - "These earlier studies, however, have been limited to models of injury that do not produce a significant degree of diffuse axonal injury and have used either MgSO4 or MgCl2 as the magnesium salt. "
4.	Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "To evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of cyclosporine-A (CsA) in improvement of consciousness and cognitive dysfunction of patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) after traumatic brain. " 04/01/2004 - "To observe rat's memory and learning behavior after diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and evaluate the treatment efficacy of cyclosporin A (CsA). " 04/01/2004 - "[Neurobehavior changes of rats after diffuse axonal injury and the treatment effect with cyclosporin A]." 03/03/2003 - "Cyclosporin A 10 mg/kg i.v. produced the greatest degree of neuroprotection against diffuse axonal injury; cyclosporin A 50 mg/kg i.v. was toxic. " 01/01/2014 - "The efficacy of Cyclosporine-A on Diffuse Axonal Injury after Traumatic Brain Injury."
5.	Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)FDA Link 01/01/2005 - "Our data indicate that vitamin D3 has a beneficial effect in diffuse axonal injury and may be useful in the management of this condition." 01/01/2005 - "We investigated the therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in a rat diffuse axonal injury model. " 01/01/2005 - "Therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in a rat diffuse axonal injury model."
6.	cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu)IBA 03/01/2011 - "Our data indicated that animals treated with BQ-123 30 minutes prior to trauma showed a significant reduction in diffuse axonal injury in corpus callosum at both 24 and 48 hours post-injury. " 03/01/2011 - "Therefore, this work sought to determine whether treatment with BQ-123, a selective endothelin receptor A antagonist, diminishes the extent of diffuse axonal injury following trauma. "
7.	Protons (Proton)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury: a 3D multivoxel proton MR spectroscopy study." 05/01/1998 - "This study was conducted to determine whether proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a sensitive method for detecting diffuse axonal injury, which is a primary sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI). " 01/01/2013 - "Since mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often leads to neurological symptoms even without clinical MRI findings, our goal was to test whether diffuse axonal injury is quantifiable with multivoxel proton MR spectroscopic imaging ((1)H-MRSI). " 05/01/2005 - "Proton MR spectroscopic imaging depicts diffuse axonal injury in children with traumatic brain injury." 03/01/2005 - "To determine whether proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) could be a useful tool for detecting microscopic diffuse axonal injury to evaluate the functional status of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). "
8.	Amantadine (Aman)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2003 - "Amantadine to improve neurorecovery in traumatic brain injury-associated diffuse axonal injury: a pilot double-blind randomized trial." 08/01/2002 - "Amantadine to improve neurorecovery in traumatic brain injury-associated diffuse axonal injury: a pilot double-blind randomized trial."
9.	Amyloid (Amyloid Fibrils)IBA 01/01/2011 - "Immunohistochemical labeling for amyloid precursor protein revealed signs of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in the penetration and rotation models. " 05/01/2010 - "Microglial activation and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) were detected by immunohistochemistry using CD11b and ss-amyloid precursor protein (ss-APP) immunolabeling, respectively. " 04/01/2009 - "We found sinusoidal swelling of axons and waving axons, which are typical findings of Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI), but no positive staining of beta amyloid. " 08/01/2005 - "[Expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein in diffuse axonal injury of rats]." 02/01/1999 - "beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) immunohistochemical staining is highly sensitive in identifying diffuse axonal injury. "
10.	CalciumIBA 11/01/2001 - "To study changes in free calcium (Ca(2+)), neuronal and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and ultrastructure in brain after diffuse axonal injury (DAI) with secondary brain insults (SBIs). " 02/07/2013 - "Increased intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) is a key pathological mechanism involved in secondary neuronal injury and cell death due to diffuse axonal injury (DAI). " 03/01/2010 - "These long-lasting calcium alterations may provide new insight into the earliest neuronal abnormalities that follow traumatic brain injury as well as the key cellular changes that lead to the development of diffuse axonal injury and secondary degeneration." 10/01/1996 - "New interpretations of established concepts, such as diffuse axonal injury, are discussed; specific events, such as free radical production, excess production of excitatory amino acids, and disruption of calcium homeostasis, are reviewed. " 12/01/1995 - "There has been controversy for some time as to whether a posttraumatic influx of calcium ions occurs in stretch/nondisruptively injured axons within the central nervous system in both human diffuse axonal injury and a variety of models of such injury. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Decompressive Craniectomy 01/01/2012 - "We would like to emphasise the potential effect of diffuse axonal injury, a severe form of brain injury and decompressive craniectomy on potassium balance." 01/01/2011 - "The differences between brain and bladder temperature (delta T), and the relationship of delta T to cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjO(2)) were studied during hypothermia in 11 patients with severe traumatic brain injury, of whom 5 underwent conservative treatment for diffuse axonal injury (DAI) (DAI group) and 6 who underwent decompressive craniectomy for hematoma (SDH group). "
2.	Axotomy 04/01/1997 - "In animal models of human diffuse axonal injury, axonal swellings leading to secondary axotomy occur between 2 and 6 h after injury. " 12/01/2007 - "Following central nervous system trauma, diffuse axonal injury and secondary axotomy result from a cascade of cellular alterations including cytoskeletal and mitochondrial disruption. "
3.	Chemoprevention 01/01/2015 - "In diffuse axonal injury patients who have not developed ICH within 72 hours, chemoprophylaxis is reasonable. " 01/01/2015 - "In diffuse axonal injury (n = 188), the post-chemoprophylaxis ICH expansion proportion was 1.6% with chemoprophylaxis after day 3. The deep vein thrombosis proportions were as follows: chemoprophylaxis on days 1 to 3, 2.6% in 2,384 patients; chemoprophylaxis on days 4 or 5, 2.2% in 831; and chemoprophylaxis on day 8, 14.1% in 99 (P < 0.0001). "
4.	Electroacupuncture 06/01/2010 - "The therapy of continunous electroacupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) on the basis of routine western medicine has a better therapeutic effect for comatose patients with severe cranio cerebral trauma, especially for those with diffuse axonal injury."
5.	Resuscitation 12/01/2009 - "Patients with isolated severe head injury with diffuse axonal injury and without any surgical lesion may be treated safely without cerebral resuscitation and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. "