Photophobia (Light Sensitivity)

Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of EYE DISEASES; MIGRAINE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; MENINGITIS; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with DEPRESSION and other MENTAL DISORDERS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 907 relevant articles (82 outcomes, 50 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Nausea
2.	Hyperacusis (Phonophobia)
3.	Migraine Disorders (Migraine)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Vomiting

Experts

1.	Travis, Gabriel H: 12 articles (05/2014 - 09/2002)
2.	Trauner, Dirk: 6 articles (03/2014 - 12/2004)
3.	Moore, R Andrew: 6 articles (01/2012 - 01/2010)
4.	Derry, Sheena: 6 articles (01/2012 - 01/2010)
5.	Hébert, Marc: 5 articles (05/2013 - 11/2002)
6.	Radu, Roxana A: 5 articles (02/2009 - 09/2002)
7.	Lipton, R B: 5 articles (01/2008 - 05/2000)
8.	Recober, Ana: 4 articles (01/2016 - 07/2009)
9.	Yuan, Quan: 4 articles (01/2013 - 07/2007)
10.	Cady, Roger: 4 articles (04/2012 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Photophobia:

1.	Sumatriptan (Imigran)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1995 - "However, only the brain stem activation persisted after the injection of sumatriptan had induced complete relief from headache and phono- and photophobia. " 08/01/1992 - "Sumatriptan also provided significant relief from nausea and photophobia as compared with placebo. " 01/01/1991 - "Sumatriptan also provided significant (p less than 0.001) relief from nausea and photophobia as compared with placebo. " 08/01/1995 - "Oral sumatriptan also effectively relieved nausea and photophobia and improved clinical disability. " 11/01/2000 - "Photophobia and phonophobia were significantly reduced 2 hours postdose for sumatriptan NS (20 mg), compared with placebo (36% vs 48% and 25% vs 44%, respectively). "
2.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 12/01/2003 - "The severity of visual field loss was greater in advanced stages of DR. In diabetic patients with severe DR, a significant reduction of retinal light sensitivity was observed in more than 60%. " 03/01/2003 - "In 36% of eyes from our HD patients without ophthalmoscopically evident arteriolar occlusion on fundus examination, a significant reduction in retinal light sensitivity was observed. " 03/01/2003 - "Significant reduction in retinal light sensitivity with mean deviation (MD) P values less than 5% was found in 36% (18 eyes), pattern standard deviation (PSD) P values less than 5% in 16 eyes (32%) and corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD) P values less than 5% in 16 eyes (32%) of HD patients. " 08/01/2007 - "Therefore, testing for retinal light sensitivity should be included as an additional outcome measure for future interventional studies." 09/01/1994 - "[A study on retinal light sensitivity of normal human visual fields]."
3.	Fluorescein (Funduscein)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1987 - "Two tests are analysed: the duration of epithelial healing in one day (negative fluorescein test) and post operative "well being" (estimated on the intensity of photophobia, tears and pain). " 03/20/2007 - "Patients having at least one of the symptoms (dryness, itching, photophobia, foreign body sensation, and tearing) together with two of the tests with positive results for dry eye (tear film break-up time (BUT), fluorescein staining of the cornea, analysis of the meibomian gland, and Schirmer I test) in both eyes were considered dry eye positive. " 01/01/1998 - "After 30 days of treatment, subjective symptoms (the combined scores of foreign body sensation, ocular dryness, burning or pain, and photophobia) had improved by 50% in the Lacrinorm group and by 45% in the reference gel group, and objective test results (break-up time, fluorescein test, Schirmer test, Lissamine Green test) by 35-36% in the Lacrinorm group and 25-45% in the reference group. " 03/01/2014 - "The objective signs were fluorescein corneal staining score, lissamine green conjunctival staining score, and tear film break-up time, while subjective symptoms were dry eye-related ocular symptoms (foreign body sensation, dryness, photophobia, eye pain, and blurred vision). " 07/01/1990 - "In 16 cases normal light sensitivity was found in retinal areas showing localised leakage as studied on fluorescein angiograms. "
4.	zolmitriptan (Zomig)FDA Link 02/01/1996 - "Photophobia and nausea also showed improvement after 311C90. " 10/01/1997 - "Zolmitriptan reduced the incidence of nausea, photophobia and phonophobia, reduced impairment of normal activity and demonstrated positive effects on patients' quality of life. " 01/01/2005 - "Zolmitriptan ODT relieved patients of other migraine-associated symptoms, including nausea, photophobia and phonophobia, and enabled >50% of patients to resume normal daily activities 2 hours after dosing. " 07/01/2002 - "Migraine-associated symptoms, including nausea, photophobia and phonophobia, are also improved with zolmitriptan. " 11/01/1997 - "Also, zolmitriptan effectively relieved migraine-associated symptoms such as nausea, photophobia and phonophobia, and reduced activity impairment. "
5.	Naproxen (Naprosyn)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1985 - "Naproxen was statistically significantly superior to placebo in reducing the severity of head pain, nausea, and photophobia; in shortening the duration of head pain, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and lightheadedness; in diminishing the frequency of vomiting; and in decreasing the need for escape medication. " 03/01/1985 - "Patients suffering from common migraine had less severe headaches and photophobia when taking naproxen sodium than when taking placebo and the headaches were shorter in duration and patients took less rescue analgesic. " 07/08/2008 - "At 2 and 4 hours, sumatriptan/naproxen provided significantly lower rates of traditional migraine-associated symptoms (nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia) and nontraditional migraine-associated symptoms (neck pain/discomfort and sinus pain/pressure). " 03/01/1985 - "Also the premonitory symptoms and photophobia improved significantly on naproxen sodium and significantly less rescue analgesics were required. " 04/04/2007 - "Sumatriptan-naproxen sodium was more effective than placebo for headache relief at 2 hours after dosing (study 1, 65% vs 28%; P<.001 and study 2, 57% vs 29%; P<.001), absence of photophobia at 2 hours (58% vs 26%; P<.001 and 50% vs 32%; P<.001), and absence of phonophobia at 2 hours (61% vs 38%; P<.001 and 56% vs 34%; P<.001). "
6.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 12/11/2000 - "At 2 hours, other migraine headache characteristics, such as functional disability (P =.002), photophobia (P =.02), and phonophobia (P =.08), were significantly improved after treatment with acetaminophen vs placebo. " 12/11/2000 - "Acetaminophen was highly effective for treating pain, functional disability, photophobia, and phonophobia in a population-based sample of persons with migraine, excluding the most disabled persons with migraine. " 05/01/2010 - "In addition, acetaminophen generally provided a beneficial effect on associated symptoms of migraine including nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability." 05/01/2010 - "Mean severity changes from baseline in migraine-associated symptoms of nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability at 2 and 6 hours were significantly (P < .001) in favor of acetaminophen over placebo; the percentage of patients with no symptoms at 2 and 6 hours statistically significantly favored acetaminophen in 6 of 8 comparisons. " 11/01/2005 - "Two hours after dosing, moderate-to-severe symptoms that were less common for tramadol/APAP than placebo included photophobia (34.6% vs. 52.2%, P= .003) and phonophobia (34.3% vs. 44.9%, P = .008), but not migraine-related nausea (38.5% vs. 29.4%, P= .681). "
7.	Rhodopsin (Visual Purple)IBA 08/01/2015 - "We have investigated the functional involvement of Pan I in the different ecotypes by analyzing the 1) phylogeny, 2) spatio-temporal gene expression, 3) structure-function relationship of the Pan I(A) and I(B) protein variants, and 4) linkage to rhodopsin (rho) recently proposed to be associated with different light sensitivities in Icelandic populations of Atlantic cod. " 11/01/2014 - "Thus, Anopheles photoreceptors possess a mechanism for adjusting light sensitivity through light-dependent control of rhodopsin levels and cellular location. " 08/22/2007 - "However, light sensitivity varied dramatically between these RP models, with complete or partial rescue by dark rearing in the case of bovine and human P23H rhodopsin, and no rescue for X. laevis P23H rhodopsin. " 11/25/1991 - "Direct evidence is not available that (1) rhodopsin-like photopigment exists in the chicken pineal and that (2) the visual pigment is responsible for the light sensitivity of the gland. " 11/01/1980 - "The presence of 10(-3) M Ca++ increases the light sensitivity of PDE, and maximal activation is caused by illumination bleaching only 5 x 10(2) rhodopsin molecules per outer segment per second. "
8.	almotriptan (Axert)FDA Link 01/01/2011 - "Nausea (p = .0007) and photophobia (p = .0083) at two hours were significantly less frequent with almotriptan. " 02/01/2007 - "At 2 to 4 hours and 4 to 24 hours after treatment, the mean intensity of phonophobia and photophobia were significantly lower in the patients treated with almotriptan compared to the placebo-treated patients. " 10/01/2008 - "Age group subanalysis demonstrated significantly greater 2-hour pain-relief rates with all 3 doses of almotriptan compared with placebo for patients aged 15 to 17 years, a significantly lower incidence of photophobia and phonophobia at 2 hours with almotriptan 12.5 mg compared with placebo for patients aged 15 to 17 years, and a significantly lower incidence of photophobia with almotriptan 12.5 mg compared with placebo for those aged 12 to 14 years. " 01/01/2002 - "The incidence of nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia at 2 hours after dosing with study medication was significantly reduced (all P <.05) with almotriptan 6.25 mg or 12.5 mg compared with placebo. " 10/01/2008 - "The incidence of nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia at 2 hours (adjusted for baseline pain intensity) for the almotriptan 25 mg and placebo groups was not significantly different. "
9.	ergotamine drug combination caffeineFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1989 - "Cafergot P-B was significantly more effective than Cafergot in relieving head pain at hours 2 and 3, nervous tension, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and photophobia. " 01/01/1993 - "Associated symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and photophobia are effectively relieved by sumatriptan, whereas Cafergot provoked nausea and vomiting in a proportion of patients. " 01/01/2002 - "Both doses of eletriptan were significantly more effective than Cafergot in reducing nausea (p < 0.0001), photophobia (80 mg, p < 0.0001; 40 mg, p < 0.002), phonophobia (80 mg, p < 0.0001; 40 mg, p < 0.003) and functional impairment (p < or = 0.001) at 2 h. " 01/01/1991 - "Sumatriptan was also significantly more effective at reducing the incidence of nausea (p less than 0.001), vomiting (p less than 0.01) and photophobia/phonophobia (p less than 0.001) 2 h after treatment, and fewer patients on sumatriptan (24%) than on Cafergot (44%, p less than 0.001) required other medication after 2 h. " 01/01/1989 - "The results of this study show that addition of pentobarbital and Bellafoline to Cafergot provides greater relief of pain, vomiting, nervous tension, photophobia, and other symptoms associated with migraine, while reducing the severity of the nausea that may accompany a migraine headache or Cafergot therapy."
10.	SodiumIBA 03/01/1985 - "Patients suffering from common migraine had less severe headaches and photophobia when taking naproxen sodium than when taking placebo and the headaches were shorter in duration and patients took less rescue analgesic. " 03/01/1985 - "Also the premonitory symptoms and photophobia improved significantly on naproxen sodium and significantly less rescue analgesics were required. " 04/04/2007 - "Sumatriptan-naproxen sodium was more effective than placebo for headache relief at 2 hours after dosing (study 1, 65% vs 28%; P<.001 and study 2, 57% vs 29%; P<.001), absence of photophobia at 2 hours (58% vs 26%; P<.001 and 50% vs 32%; P<.001), and absence of phonophobia at 2 hours (61% vs 38%; P<.001 and 56% vs 34%; P<.001). " 07/01/2009 - "In migraineurs who reported poor response to a short-acting triptan, sumatriptan/naproxen sodium was generally well tolerated and significantly more effective than placebo in conferring initial, intermediate, and sustained efficacy for pain and migraine-associated symptoms of photophobia and phonophobia." 04/04/2007 - "Primary outcome measures included the percentages of patients with headache relief 2 hours after dosing, absence of photophobia, absence of phonophobia, and absence of nausea for the comparison between sumatriptan-naproxen sodium and placebo, and the percentages of patients with sustained pain-free response for the comparison between sumatriptan-naproxen sodium and each monotherapy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lenses 06/01/2007 - "Photophobia was relieved by tinted lenses. " 07/01/2006 - "There was no observed difference in the improvement in light sensitivity when the gray and FL-41-tinted lenses were compared. " 07/01/2006 - "Both gray and FL-41-tinted lenses improved light sensitivity thresholds in all groups (P < or = .0005). " 08/01/2011 - "Photochromatic lenses or sunglasses with ultraviolet protection could be used to minimize the glare and photophobia. " 03/01/2009 - "New and former wearers at 2 weeks compared with adapted wearers at baseline had less frequent early removal during the day, burning or stinging, uncomfortable lenses, and photophobia while reporting more problems inserting and removing lenses. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2015 - "The best corrected visual acuity, mean defect (MD) and mean light sensitivity (MS) of the visual field, and latency and amplitude of pattern visual evoked potential (P-VEP) were compared before and after treatment. " 12/01/2010 - "Only one subject experienced photophobia in the treated eye at the 120 and 180 min time points after treatment. " 05/20/1994 - "Three patients experienced annoying side effects in visual function after treatment, especially photophobia. " 01/01/1992 - "The results evidence that computer-aided methods may be effectively used to assess the light sensitivity of the eye, contrast sensitivity, space summation, rod and cone interactions, the topography of color photoreceptors, and the function of the posterior section of the eye in abnormalities of the retina and the optic nerve, as well as to monitor visual function rehabilitation after treatment." 03/01/2003 - "Signs (papillae, hyperaemia and corneal lesions) and symptoms (itching, redness and photophobia) of the ocular surface were graded and statistically evaluated before and after treatment by a non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney U-test). "
3.	Contact Lenses 08/01/2009 - "Symptoms reported at the last study visit were not significantly associated with future purchase, though there was a trend towards more light sensitivity in those who did not purchase more contact lenses (23.1% vs. 11.8%). " 08/01/2012 - "The NDES wearers were significantly more likely to be male (36% vs.19%, p = 0.013), were less likely to have deteriorating comfort during the day (81% vs. 97%, p = 0.001), reported longer average hours of comfortable wear (11 ± 3 vs. 9 ± 4 h, p = 0.014), had older contact lenses (18 ± 14 vs. 13 ± 12 days, p = 0.029), and greater intensity of photophobia early and late in the day (p = 0.043 and 0.021). " 10/01/2009 - "In this case study, a healthy subject with transient photophobia (induced by the overuse of contact lenses) was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). " 01/01/2007 - "Tinted contact lenses have been reported to reduce photophobia and improve visual function in these patients. " 08/01/2006 - "Tinted contact lenses offer an alternative management of the photophobia associated with stationary cone dystrophies in children. "
4.	Lasers (Laser) 04/01/1988 - "Since the viability of isolated cardiac myocytes showed a marked dependence on the laser power used, an opto-electronic system with improved light sensitivity and low susceptibility to optical noise was developed. " 01/01/2005 - "Fixation stability and macular light sensitivity in patients with diabetic maculopathy: a microperimetric study with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope." 03/01/2013 - "Unique complications of femtosecond lasers included transient light-sensitivity syndrome, rainbow glare, opaque bubble layer, epithelial breakthrough of gas bubbles, and gas bubbles within the anterior chamber. " 11/01/2010 - "The laser linewidth reduction and frequency locking by selective optical feedback from the resonant cavity field turns out to be particularly advantageous in this spectral range: It allows strong cavity transmission, which compensates for low light sensitivity, especially when using room-temperature detectors. " 11/01/2008 - "Light sensitivity of both eyes had no significant difference to be found by scanning laser ophthalmoscope. "
5.	Solid-State Lasers 11/01/2006 - "One month after YAG-laser treatment, a significant improvement of retinal light sensitivity in the central visual field was also observed. " 11/01/2006 - "Our study shows that the improvement of retinal light sensitivity is significant after YAG-laser capsulotomy and not depends on patient age or capsulotomy size." 11/01/2006 - "[Changes of retinal light sensitivity after YAG-laser capsulotomy]." 11/01/2006 - "The aim of this prospective study was firstly to investigate the changes of retinal light sensitivity of the central visual field in patients with posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after YAG-laser capsulotomy and secondly to determine the correlation between changes in retinal light sensitivity and patient's age and the diameter of posterior laser capsulotomy. "