Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)

Also Known As:

Networked: 402 relevant articles (25 outcomes, 90 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Multiple Sclerosis
2.	Dysarthria (Spastic Dysarthria)
3.	Autoimmune Diseases (Autoimmune Disease)
4.	Ataxia (Dyssynergia)
5.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)

Experts

1.	Miller, David H: 9 articles (09/2015 - 01/2003)
2.	Thompson, A J: 9 articles (09/2010 - 04/2000)
3.	Hartung, Hans-Peter: 8 articles (07/2007 - 12/2002)
4.	Thompson, Alan J: 7 articles (09/2015 - 02/2003)
5.	Filippi, M: 7 articles (01/2011 - 11/2000)
6.	Kieseier, Bernd C: 7 articles (07/2007 - 06/2003)
7.	Miller, D H: 6 articles (03/2012 - 11/2000)
8.	Montalban, Xavier: 5 articles (01/2015 - 06/2004)
9.	Wolinsky, Jerry S: 5 articles (05/2013 - 06/2004)
10.	Comi, G: 5 articles (09/2008 - 06/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis:

1.	Interferon-betaIBA 09/01/2010 - "Interferon beta has not been demonstrated to be effective in exploratory phase 2 clinical trials in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. " 02/15/2003 - "This non-systematic review identified four randomised trials that have tested the efficacy of interferon beta in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). " 01/01/1995 - "This manuscript describes the outline of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, (European), multicentre phase III study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 8 MIU of interferon beta-Ib given subcutaneously every other day for 3 years in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. " 06/02/2009 - "To systematically review the clinical efficacy of interferon-beta in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. " 04/03/1999 - "Recently, a placebo-controlled multicentre randomised clinical trial was published on the efficacy of interferon beta-Ib in the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. "
2.	Mitoxantrone (Novantrone)FDA LinkGeneric 01/15/2015 - "Lack of efficacy of mitoxantrone in primary progressive Multiple Sclerosis irrespective of pharmacogenetic factors: a multi-center, retrospective analysis." 11/20/2004 - "Mitoxantrone demonstrated efficacy in slowing the progression of disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. " 01/01/2006 - "Mitoxantrone in worsening secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A prospective, open-label study." 01/01/2005 - "This study evaluates mitoxantrone (MX) therapy in patients with relapsing remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). " 10/01/2015 - "Evaluating the Role of Corticosteroid Pulse Therapy in Patients With Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Mitoxantrone: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial."
3.	interferon beta-1b (Betaseron)FDA Link 10/01/2009 - "Our aim is to investigate the safety and efficacy of interferon beta-1b in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. " 11/23/2004 - "A European (EU) and a North American (NA) placebo-controlled study with interferon beta-1b (IFNB-1b) in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) showed divergent results with regard to their primary outcome of sustained Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression, while effects were similar on relapse and MRI-related endpoints. " 06/01/2004 - "This short monograph describes a trial of interferon beta-1b in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) or transitional MS. Designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot, the trial randomly placed 73 eligible patients into two groups, placebo or interferon beta-1b 8 MIU given subcutaneously every other day for two years. " 09/15/2001 - "With interferon beta-1b (IFN beta-1b), an effective therapeutic option for both relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (RRMS and SPMS, respectively) was on trial. " 11/01/2000 - "European Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis."
4.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2003 - "The safety and efficacy of pulse cyclophosphamide (CTX) therapy was investigated in patients with very active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, characterized by frequent relapses and rapid disability progression. " 01/01/1993 - "Although cyclophosphamide pulse therapy has been reported to be beneficial for patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis for whom other treatment modalities are not expected to improve outcome, the experience with Japanese patients has not been shown in the literature. " 07/01/2003 - "Cyclophosphamide is effective in stabilizing rapidly deteriorating secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." 12/01/1987 - "14 patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis, selected in a preliminary uncontrolled trial, were given a short course of intensive cyclophosphamide therapy, which was discontinued when the leukocyte count fell to 3000 cu.mm. 5 patients dropped out because of severe side effects. " 01/01/2004 - "Cyclophosphamide modulates CD4+ T cells into a T helper type 2 phenotype and reverses increased IFN-gamma production of CD8+ T cells in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis."
5.	interferon beta 1aFDA Link 05/01/2004 - "Multicentre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, phase III study of weekly, low dose, subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." 01/01/2004 - "This study of serum S100B in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is based on data obtained from a randomized, controlled trial of Interferon beta-1a in subjects with PPMS. " 06/01/2001 - "The 436 patients enrolled in the International Multiple Sclerosis Secondary Progressive Avonex Controlled Trial underwent 3 prebaseline MSFC testing sessions before randomization. " 01/01/2015 - "Transcriptional response to interferon beta-1a treatment in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." 03/01/2004 - "The effect of interferon beta-1a on spasticity in primary progressive multiple sclerosis."
6.	InterferonsIBA 04/01/2013 - "It is unclear whether recombinant β interferons (IFNβ) can be effective in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). " 07/01/2007 - "To study the effect of weekly injected subcutaneous interferon (IFN)-beta-1a 22 microg on the extent of brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the level of serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). " 09/10/1999 - "Initial results from studies on interferon treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis are now available. " 05/06/2013 - "Interferon (IFN)-beta 1b is approved for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) with relapses in the EU. " 04/01/2013 - "Interferon β for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review."
7.	copolymer 1 (glatiramer acetate)FDA Link 11/15/2009 - "In a large multicenter randomized, and double blind placebo controlled trial of glatiramer acetate (GA) in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), an originally unplanned post hoc analysis suggested that males assigned to GA therapy experienced less progression of disability than their counterparts assigned to placebo; no similar potential treatment differences were seen among the females in this study. " 01/01/2007 - "Glatiramer acetate in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a multinational, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." 06/01/2004 - "The PROMiSe trial is a multinational, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effects of glatiramer acetate treatment over 3 years in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). " 01/01/2008 - "Longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients treated with glatiramer acetate: multicenter study." 01/01/2007 - "To determine whether glatiramer acetate (GA) slows accumulation of disability in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. "
8.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 04/01/1997 - "We present the design of a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase III study to evaluate safety and efficacy of IVIG in the treatment of patients suffering from primary or secondary chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. " 09/25/2004 - "Treatment with IVIG in this study did not show any clinical benefit and therefore cannot be recommended for patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." 02/01/2006 - "No effect of intravenous immunoglobulins on cytokine-producing lymphocytes in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." 09/25/2004 - "318 patients with clinically definite secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (mean age 44 years [SD 7]) were randomly assigned IVIG 1 g/kg per month (n=159) or an equivalent volume of placebo (albumin 0.1%; n=159) for 27 months. " 10/01/2000 - "Treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis with intravenous immunoglobulins--interim results on drug safety of an ongoing study. "
9.	CladribineFDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1996 - "We examined the degree of association between two neurologic impairment scales, the Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Scripps Neurologic Rating Scale (SNRS), with data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of cladribine as treatment for chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). " 03/01/2000 - "The cladribine trial in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A reanalysis." 05/01/1997 - "Our initial controlled studies have shown a beneficial, although temporary, dose-related effect of cladribine on the course of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. " 01/01/2001 - "Effect of immunosuppressive cladribine treatment on serum leucocytes system in two-year clinical trial in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis." 02/20/1996 - "A 2-year, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study was started in 1992 to evaluate cladribine, an immunosuppressive drug, in the treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. "
10.	Protons (Proton)IBA 06/01/2004 - "Multicentre baseline proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic data on primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) patients are acquired and analysed, using automatic analysis software. " 06/01/2004 - "Multicentre proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of primary progressive multiple sclerosis." 01/01/2001 - "[Proton magnetic-resonance spectroscopy in remitting and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis]." 04/01/2000 - "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." 09/22/1999 - "Localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in relapsing remitting versus secondary progressive multiple sclerosis."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Plasma Exchange 01/01/1995 - "Meta-analysis of clinical studies of the efficacy of plasma exchange in the treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis." 03/01/1991 - "Plasma exchange in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a long-term study." 04/01/2008 - "Therapeutic plasma exchange combined with immunomodulating agents in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients." 09/01/2007 - "Plasma exchange therapy for steroid-refractory superimposed relapses in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." 09/01/1989 - "Thus, the great majority of patients free of serious systemic illness (other than chronic progressive multiple sclerosis) can undergo weekly plasma exchange for up to 20 weeks using superficial antecubital veins without the need to resort to more invasive methods of venous access."
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/1984 - "Immunosuppressive drug therapy with plasmapheresis in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a controlled study." 01/01/1984 - "Plasmapheresis and combined immunosuppressive drug therapy in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. " 01/01/1988 - "Although chemical immunosuppression has been shown to benefit patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), it appears that chemotherapy has an appreciable oncogenic potential in patients with multiple sclerosis. " 12/01/2010 - "This prospective study included patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS-BMT, n = 14) and hematological malignancies (HM-BMT, n = 17) receiving chemotherapy as preconditioning for bone marrow transplant. " 03/01/1991 - "Plasma exchange (PE) was shown in a previous double-blind randomized controlled study to confer significant additional benefit at 1 year upon patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (CPMS) treated with immunosuppressive drug therapy (ISDT). "
3.	Lymphatic Irradiation 02/01/1994 - "Following a report of the efficacy of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) in the treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis a further randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study was undertaken with the intention of entering 56 patients. " 03/20/1993 - "Circulating lymphocyte subsets after total lymphoid irradiation in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis." 03/01/1992 - "6 patients with severe chronic progressive multiple sclerosis were subjected to total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) to assess clinical efficacy and side effects. " 03/01/1992 - "Total lymphoid irradiation in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis." 06/01/1991 - "A long-lasting immunological suppression action seems to be produced by total lymphoid irradiation; some authors emphasize the favorable effect of this treatment on chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. "
4.	Catheters 06/01/2011 - "We assessed surgical outcomes for patients intolerant of catheters with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis undergoing urinary diversion/reconstruction for refractory urinary symptoms. " 06/01/2011 - "Urinary diversion/reconstruction for cases of catheter intolerant secondary progressive multiple sclerosis with refractory urinary symptoms." 06/01/2011 - "Patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis treated with urinary diversion/reconstruction who cannot tolerate catheters had improved continence and fewer urinary tract infections. " 02/01/2008 - "A serious intrathecal baclofen overdose occurred in a 45-year-old woman with primary progressive multiple sclerosis following a catheter dye study with concomitant change in baclofen concentration. "
5.	Urinary Diversion (Ileal Conduit) 06/01/2011 - "We assessed surgical outcomes for patients intolerant of catheters with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis undergoing urinary diversion/reconstruction for refractory urinary symptoms. " 06/01/2011 - "Urinary diversion/reconstruction for cases of catheter intolerant secondary progressive multiple sclerosis with refractory urinary symptoms." 06/01/2011 - "Patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis treated with urinary diversion/reconstruction who cannot tolerate catheters had improved continence and fewer urinary tract infections. "