Brain Stem Infarctions (Weber Syndrome)

Infarctions that occur in the BRAIN STEM which is comprised of the MIDBRAIN; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.

Also Known As:

Weber Syndrome; Claude Syndrome; Foville Syndrome; Brainstem Infarctions; Brainstem Stroke; Infarctions, Brain Stem; Infarctions, Brainstem; Brain Stem Infarction; Brain Stem Infarcts; Brainstem Infarction; Infarct, Brain Stem; Infarction, Brain Stem; Infarction, Brainstem; Infarcts, Brain Stem; Millard Gublar Syndrome; Stem Infarct, Brain; Stem Infarcts, Brain; Stroke, Brainstem; Syndrome, Millard-Gublar; Benedict Syndrome; Brain Stem Infarct; Millard-Gublar Syndrome; Top of the Basilar Syndrome

Networked: 177 relevant articles (11 outcomes, 7 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Deglutition Disorders (Dysphagia)
2.	Progressive Bulbar Palsy (Fazio Londe Syndrome)
3.	Stroke (Strokes)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

Experts

1.	Yu, Fan: 2 articles (10/2017 - 09/2013)
2.	Wainwright, Mark S: 2 articles (06/2016 - 02/2012)
3.	Birbaumer, Niels: 2 articles (05/2015 - 02/2007)
4.	Dai, Yongqiang: 2 articles (01/2013 - 06/2012)
5.	Hu, Biao: 2 articles (01/2013 - 06/2012)
6.	Kang, Zhuang: 2 articles (01/2013 - 06/2012)
7.	Li, Haiyan: 2 articles (01/2013 - 06/2012)
8.	Lu, Zhengqi: 2 articles (01/2013 - 06/2012)
9.	Qiu, Wei: 2 articles (01/2013 - 06/2012)
10.	Ito, Masafumi: 2 articles (01/2012 - 10/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Brain Stem Infarctions:

1.	HydrogenIBA 04/01/2015 - "Beneficial effects of molecular hydrogen in clinical environment are observed especially in oxidative stress-mediated diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, brain stem infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, or neurodegenerative diseases. " 10/03/2011 - "In addition, hydrogen effects on humans have been reported in diabetes mellitus type 2, hemodialysis, metabolic syndrome, radiotherapy for liver cancer, and brain stem infarction. " 06/07/2011 - "Improved brain MRI indices in the acute brain stem infarct sites treated with hydroxyl radical scavengers, Edaravone and hydrogen, as compared to Edaravone alone. " 06/07/2011 - "We treated brainstem infarction patients in acute stage with hydroxyl radical scavengers (Edaravone and hydrogen) by intravenous administration and evaluated the effects of the treatment by a serial observation and analysis of these MRI indices. "
2.	Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)IBA 01/01/2023 - "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)- and distal-less homeobox 2 (Dlx2)-modified NSCs were transplanted to treat brainstem stroke. " 01/01/2023 - "GABAergic neurons differentiated from BDNF- and Dlx2-modified neural stem cells restore disrupted neural circuits in brainstem stroke." 01/01/2023 - "Neurological function was improved by transplantation of BDNF- and Dlx2-modified NSCs in brainstem stroke. "
3.	Hydroxyl RadicalIBA 06/07/2011 - "Administration of hydroxyl radical scavengers in acute stage of brainstem infarction improved MRI indices against the natural course. " 06/07/2011 - "Improved brain MRI indices in the acute brain stem infarct sites treated with hydroxyl radical scavengers, Edaravone and hydrogen, as compared to Edaravone alone. " 06/07/2011 - "We treated brainstem infarction patients in acute stage with hydroxyl radical scavengers (Edaravone and hydrogen) by intravenous administration and evaluated the effects of the treatment by a serial observation and analysis of these MRI indices. "
4.	Reticulin (Reticular Fiber)IBA 01/15/1997 - "Descending trigeminal reticular fibers may be affected by brainstem infarction and result in trigeminal neuralgia; thus, treatment by rhizotomy may be effective in decreasing the peripheral afferent input into the spinal trigeminal nucleus thus decreasing the pain. "
5.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 12/01/2013 - "Late toxicity included grade 3 bitemporal lobe radionecrosis in 1 patient that improved with hyperbaric oxygen, a grade 4 cerebrospinal fluid leak with meningitis in 1 patient, and a grade 4 ischemic brainstem stroke (out of radiation field) in 1 patient, with subsequent neurologic recovery. "
6.	Diazepam (Valium)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1987 - "Diazemuls infusion was effective in one patient with complex partial status epilepticus; in another patient with convulsion secondary to a brain stem infarct, the convulsions were abolished; while only reduced jerking was achieved in the third patient suffering from myoclonic jerks caused by anoxic brain damage. "
7.	EdaravoneIBA 06/07/2011 - "Improved brain MRI indices in the acute brain stem infarct sites treated with hydroxyl radical scavengers, Edaravone and hydrogen, as compared to Edaravone alone. " 06/07/2011 - "We treated brainstem infarction patients in acute stage with hydroxyl radical scavengers (Edaravone and hydrogen) by intravenous administration and evaluated the effects of the treatment by a serial observation and analysis of these MRI indices. "
8.	C-Reactive ProteinIBA 05/01/2015 - "The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between the hypersensitive c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level and the prognosis of acute brainstem infarction. " 05/01/2015 - "The serum hs-CRP level is closely related with the severity and prognosis of brainstem infarction, and is an independent risk factor of acute brainstem infarction." 05/01/2015 - "Age and hs-CRP level were the independent prognostic factors of the brainstem infarction. " 05/01/2015 - "Serum levels of hs-CRP were measured in 68 patients with acute brainstem infarction 72 h after disease onset. " 05/01/2015 - "Relationship Between the Hypersensitive c-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) Level and the Prognosis of Acute Brainstem Infarction."
9.	BariumIBA 10/01/2019 - "Thirteen patients with dysphagia due to brainstem stroke completed dynamic 320-detector row computed tomography while swallowing a trial of 10 ml honey-thick barium. "
10.	2- benzylidene- 3- (cyclohexylamino)- 2,3- dihydro- 1H- inden- 1- oneIBA 10/08/2014 - "This case study demonstrates that an individual locked-in owing to brainstem stroke was able to use a noninvasive BCI to communicate volitional messages. " 10/08/2014 - "The BCI literature has asserted that brainstem stroke survivors can also benefit from BCI use. " 01/08/2019 - "This type of BCI has been widely studied and used as an alternative mode of communication and environmental control for disabled patients, such as those suffering from a brainstem stroke or a spinal cord injury (SCI). " 06/01/2006 - "As demonstrated by the papers in this special issue, the rapid advances in BCI research and development make this technology capable of providing communication and control to people severely disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brainstem stroke, cerebral palsy, and other neuromuscular disorders. " 10/01/2011 - "A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) provides a completely new output pathway that can provide an additional option for a person to express himself/herself if he/she suffers a disorder like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brainstem stroke, brain or spinal cord injury or other diseases which impair the function of the common output pathways which are responsible for the control of muscles. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/2017 - "In conclusion, modified balloon dilatation therapy can increase the excitability of affected projection in patients with unilateral brainstem stroke." 06/01/2014 - "We report a patient with progressive brainstem infarction despite medical therapy. " 08/01/1997 - "As causal therapy of Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome is not yet possible, there are many different therapeutical approaches. " 01/01/1992 - "The other patient was given intra-arterial SK 12 days after an apparently completed brainstem stroke: the therapy failed to cause reperfusion of a vertebral occlusion or produce any clinical improvement. " 01/01/2011 - "Compared with brain-stem infarction in non-diabetic group, NIHSS score and intensive care therapy of diabetic groups on the admission had no statistically significance, while the NIHSS score on discharge and the outcome at 6 months' of follow-up were statistically significant. "
2.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 03/01/2020 - "This study investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with conventional swallowing training on the swallowing function in brainstem stroke patients with cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction (CPD). " 01/01/2022 - "Forty brainstem stroke patients were randomly divided into tDCS group and conventional comprehensive treatment group, including 20 patients in each group. " 01/01/2022 - "Clinical study on swallowing function of brainstem stroke by tDCS." 03/01/2020 - "Transcranial direct current stimulation improves the swallowing function in patients with cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction following a brainstem stroke." 01/01/2022 - "To investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with conventional comprehensive rehabilitation on dysphagia after brainstem stroke. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2018 - "Results: FOIS (p = 0.003 in hemispheric group and p = 0.039 in brainstem group) and FDS (p = 0.006 in hemispheric group and p = 0.028 in brainstem group) were both significantly improved after treatment in hemispheric and brainstem stroke patients. " 09/01/1987 - "Complications occurred in our one patient with basilar artery angioplasty, who suffered a brainstem infarction after treatment, and in one patient who had a TIA after bilateral vertebral artery angioplasty. " 09/03/2013 - "To explore the effects of balloon dilation intervention on function of upper esophageal sphincter ( UES) in brainstem stroke patients with dysphagia before and after treatment by high resolution solid-state manometry. "
4.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 01/01/2022 - "To explore the efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the swallowing motor area of the cerebellum in patients with dysphagia after brainstem stroke. "
5.	Rhizotomy 01/15/1997 - "Descending trigeminal reticular fibers may be affected by brainstem infarction and result in trigeminal neuralgia; thus, treatment by rhizotomy may be effective in decreasing the peripheral afferent input into the spinal trigeminal nucleus thus decreasing the pain. "