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Parasomnias (Parasomnia)

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Movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. Parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of REM sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p191)

Also Known As:

Parasomnia; Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus; Myoclonus, Benign Neonatal Sleep; Sensory Paroxysms, Sleep; Sleep-Related Abnormal Swallowing Syndrome; Drunkenness, Sleep; Drunkennesses, Sleep; Paroxysm, Sleep Sensory; Paroxysms, Sleep Sensory; Sensory Paroxysm, Sleep; Sleep Drunkennesses; Sleep Related Abnormal Swallowing Syndrome; Sleep Sensory Paroxysm; Sleep Sensory Paroxysms; Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus, Benign; Sleep Drunkenness

Networked: 83 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 5 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)
2.	Night Terrors (Sleep Terror)
3.	Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath)
4.	Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
5.	Narcolepsy

Experts

1.	Iranzo, Alex: 2 articles (09/2014 - 06/2014)
2.	Dalmau, Josep: 2 articles (09/2014 - 06/2014)
3.	Graus, Francesc: 2 articles (09/2014 - 06/2014)
4.	Gaig, Carles: 2 articles (09/2014 - 06/2014)
5.	Leśkiewicz, Monika: 2 articles (01/2012 - 01/2010)
6.	Skowronek-Bała, Barbara: 2 articles (01/2012 - 01/2010)
7.	Kaciński, Marek: 2 articles (01/2012 - 01/2010)
8.	Budziszewska, Bogusława: 2 articles (01/2012 - 01/2010)
9.	Terzaghi, Michele: 2 articles (08/2010 - 09/2008)
10.	Manni, Raffaele: 2 articles (08/2010 - 09/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Parasomnias:

1.	Clonazepam (Rivotril)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2012 - "Although no drugs are specifically approved for the treatment of parasomnias and placebo-controlled trials are lacking in these patient populations, clonazepam is considered the drug of choice in the management of both Non-REM and REM parasomnias. " 07/01/2002 - "Clonazepam was administered for parasomnia in 3 cases with a favorable response. " 06/01/2007 - "Bedtime clonazepam therapy was effective in 90% (9/10) of treated parasomnia cases; nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy was effective in controlling comorbid OSA and CAs in both treated cases. " 06/01/1995 - "Case 2, a 46-year-old woman without psychiatric disorder, presented with a 5-year history of sleep terrors and injurious sleep-walking that initially was not menstrually related, but beginning 8 months prior to referral, she developed an exclusively premenstrual parasomnia that, after polysomnography, was partially controlled with bedtime self-hypnosis and clonazepam, 0.25 mg." 11/01/1997 - "Treatment outcome was available for n = 20 patients; 90% (n = 18) had substantial parasomnia control with bedtime clonazepam (n = 13), alprazolam and/or carbamazepine (n = 4), or self-hypnosis (n = 1). "
2.	Hypnotics and Sedatives (Sedatives)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Although UNES seems to be etiologically heterogeneous, hypnotics-induced parasomnia and/or anterograde amnesia may be associated with the behavior. " 07/01/2010 - "Gender, smoking, caffeinated drinks, hypnotics, and headaches were not associated with parasomnias. " 09/01/1997 - "The prevalences of various sleep symptoms including insomnia, daytime tiredness, fatigue, parasomnias and the use of hypnotics remained similar in the same age cohorts during economic recession. " 06/01/2015 - "SRED is sometimes associated with psychotropic medication, in particular sedative hypnotics, and other sleep disorders, including parasomnias, narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome. " 08/01/1999 - "They were requested to answer a questionnaire newly designed for this study, which consisted of 34 questions concerning sociodemographic characteristics, current medical conditions, sleep habits, current or past sleep complaints, symptoms of parasomnia, use of hypnotics/anxiolytics and other aspects of daily life. "
3.	AntibodiesIBA 09/01/2014 - "Sleep disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: parasomnia or agrypnia?" 09/01/2014 - "Sleep disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: parasomnia or agrypnia?-Authors' reply." 06/01/2014 - "IgLON5 antibodies identify a unique non-REM and REM parasomnia with sleep breathing dysfunction and pathological features suggesting a tauopathy. " 06/01/2014 - "A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study."
4.	Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics)IBA 08/01/1999 - "They were requested to answer a questionnaire newly designed for this study, which consisted of 34 questions concerning sociodemographic characteristics, current medical conditions, sleep habits, current or past sleep complaints, symptoms of parasomnia, use of hypnotics/anxiolytics and other aspects of daily life. "
5.	AntigensIBA 06/01/2014 - "A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study."
6.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 01/01/2009 - "The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence, duration and risk factors for benign neonatal sleep myoclonus (BNSM) in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) treated with opioids or sedatives, compared with control infants. "
7.	nasIBA 01/01/2009 - "The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence, duration and risk factors for benign neonatal sleep myoclonus (BNSM) in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) treated with opioids or sedatives, compared with control infants. "
8.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 12/01/2003 - "various parasomnias, sleep-related anxiety) illustrates the need for a holistic approach to assessment since these co-existing SD can be the most overt symptoms. " 12/01/2001 - "This article provides a brief review of the recent literature regarding parasomnias, and a clinically oriented approach to the management of parasomnias in patients with co-existing clinical disorders." 12/01/2001 - "In patients with co-existing clinical disorders, parasomnias need to be distinguished from symptoms of the underlying disorder. " 06/01/2001 - "In clinical practice, parasomnias are often found to run in families and to co-occur. " 06/01/2001 - "Parasomnias: co-occurrence and genetics."
9.	zolpidem (Ambien)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "As in few reported cases of zolpidem-induced SRED, our patient was suffering from the parasomnia for a long time before the diagnosis. " 12/15/2011 - "Risk factors for both wake and sleep-related automatic complex behaviors include the concomitant ingestion of other sedating drugs, a higher dose of zolpidem, a history of parasomnia, ingestion at times other than bedtime or when sleep is unlikely, poor management of pill bottles, and living alone. " 12/15/2011 - "Other cases began after ingestion of zolpidem at the time of going to bed and are considered parasomnias. " 12/15/2011 - "To describe zolpidem-associated complex behaviors, including both daytime automatisms and sleep-related parasomnias. " 01/01/2011 - "Zolpidem-associated parasomnia with serious self-injury: a shot in the dark."
10.	MelatoninIBA 12/01/2001 - "This article focuses on the following specific neurologic diseases: nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy and abnormal motor behaviors of epileptic origin, evaluating differential diagnosis with parasomnias; achondroplasia, confirming the crucial role of craniofacial deformity in determining sleep-disordered breathing; neuromuscular diseases, mainly Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy; cerebral palsy, evaluating either the features of sleep architecture and the importance of the respiratory problems associated; headaches, confirming the strict relationships with sleep in terms of neurochemical and neurobehavioral substrates; and finally a review on the effectiveness of melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurologic syndromes and mental retardation, blindness, and epilepsy." 02/01/2005 - "The median percentage decrease in the parasomnias score was 60 (range 0.0-70.8) in the valproate + melatonin group compared with 36.4 (range 0.0-63.2) in the valproate + placebo group, the difference being statistically significant (P < .05). " 10/01/2012 - "Parasomnias, namely REM sleep behavior disorder, are managed by looking for any underlying cause of arousals (sleep apnea, periodic leg movements of sleep), implementing safety precautions, and pharmacologically with either benzodiazepines or melatonin. " 01/01/2007 - "In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antihistamines, behavioural therapy plus benzodiazepines, or plus chloral and derivates, exercise, extinction and graduated extinction, light therapy, melatonin, safety/protective interventions for parasomnias, scheduled waking (for parasomnias), sleep hygiene, and sleep restriction." 01/01/2010 - "In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antihistamines; behavioural therapy plus antihistamines, plus benzodiazepines, or plus chloral and derivatives; benzodiazepines alone; exercise; extinction and graduated extinction; 5-hydroxytryptophan; light therapy; melatonin; safety/protective interventions for parasomnias; scheduled waking (for parasomnias); sleep hygiene; and sleep restriction."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Hypnosis (Mesmerism) 06/15/2007 - "This study involves a replication and extension of a previous one reported by Hurwitz et al (1991) on the treatment of certain parasomnias with hypnosis. " 01/01/2015 - "A young male patient was successfully treated for parasomnia overlap disorder (POD) using hypnosis. " 01/01/2015 - "A Case of Successful Use of Hypnosis in the Treatment of Parasomnia Overlap Disorder." 06/15/2007 - "The treatment of parasomnias with hypnosis: a 5-year follow-up study." 02/01/2001 - "Arousal parasomnias can be treated with behavioral methods such as hypnosis and drug therapy. "
2.	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 04/01/2005 - "Polysomnography is routinely indicated for the diagnosis of sleep related breathing disorders; for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration in patients with sleep related breathing disorders; for the assessment of treatment results in some cases; with a multiple sleep latency test in the evaluation of suspected narcolepsy; in evaluating sleep related behaviors that are violent or otherwise potentially injurious to the patient or others; and in certain atypical or unusual parasomnias. " 01/01/2003 - "Important innovations include the expansion of BSM beyond the treatment of insomnia to include treatment of pediatric sleep disorders, circadian rhythm disorders, parasomnias, as well as desensitization procedures for patients undergoing treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)." 06/01/1997 - "Polysomnography is routinely indicated for the diagnosis of sleep-related breathing disorders; for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders; for documenting the presence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients prior to laser-assisted uvulopalatopharyngoplasty; for the assessment of treatment results in some cases; with a multiple sleep latency test in the evaluation of suspected narcolepsy; in evaluating sleep-related behaviors that are violent or otherwise potentially injurious to the patient or others; and in certain atypical or unusual parasomnias. " 06/01/2007 - "Bedtime clonazepam therapy was effective in 90% (9/10) of treated parasomnia cases; nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy was effective in controlling comorbid OSA and CAs in both treated cases. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 07/01/2015 - "In the control group, the results of night sleep wake, parasomnias, daytime somnolence and the total score after treatment were improved apparently than those before treatment (all P<0. " 07/01/2015 - "In the observation group, the results of sleep resistance, sleep anxiety, night sleep wake, parasomnias, sleep dyspnea, daytime somnolence and the total score after treatment were all improved apparently as compared with those before treatment (all P<0. "
4.	Phototherapy (Light Therapy) 01/01/2007 - "In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antihistamines, behavioural therapy plus benzodiazepines, or plus chloral and derivates, exercise, extinction and graduated extinction, light therapy, melatonin, safety/protective interventions for parasomnias, scheduled waking (for parasomnias), sleep hygiene, and sleep restriction." 01/01/2010 - "In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antihistamines; behavioural therapy plus antihistamines, plus benzodiazepines, or plus chloral and derivatives; benzodiazepines alone; exercise; extinction and graduated extinction; 5-hydroxytryptophan; light therapy; melatonin; safety/protective interventions for parasomnias; scheduled waking (for parasomnias); sleep hygiene; and sleep restriction."
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/01/2012 - "At this point, pharmacotherapy for other parasomnias is less certain, and further investigations are necessary." 02/01/2001 - "Arousal parasomnias can be treated with behavioral methods such as hypnosis and drug therapy. "