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Guillain-Barre Syndrome

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An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)

Also Known As:

Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; Acute Inflammatory Polyradiculoneuropathy; Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Acute Inflammatory; Guillaine-Barre Syndrome; Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Acute; Inflammatory Polyneuropathy Acute; Polyneuropathy, Acute Inflammatory; Polyradiculoneuropathy, Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating; Acute Autoimmune Neuropathies; Acute Inflammatory Polyneuropathies; Acute Inflammatory Polyradiculoneuropathies; Acute, Inflammatory Polyneuropathy; Autoimmune Neuropathies, Acute; Autoimmune Neuropathy, Acute; Guillain Barre Syndrome; Guillaine Barre Syndrome; Inflammatory Polyneuropathies, Acute; Inflammatory Polyneuropathy Acutes; Inflammatory Polyneuropathy, Acute; Inflammatory Polyradiculoneuropathies, Acute; Landry Guillain Barre Syndrome; Neuropathies, Acute Autoimmune; Neuropathy, Acute Autoimmune; Polyneuropathies, Acute Inflammatory; Polyneuropathy Acute, Inflammatory; Polyradiculoneuropathies, Acute Inflammatory; Syndrome, Guillain-Barre; Syndrome, Guillaine-Barre; Syndrome, Landry-Guillain-Barre; Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy; Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy; Acute Inflammatory Polyneuropathy; Landry-Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Polyradiculoneuropathy, Acute Inflammatory

Networked: 417 relevant articles (15 outcomes, 38 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Multiple Sclerosis
2.	Polyneuropathies (Polyneuropathy)
3.	Myasthenia Gravis
4.	Demyelinating Diseases (Demyelinating Disease)
5.	Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Libman-Sacks Disease)

Experts

1.	Yuki, Nobuhiro: 17 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Kuwabara, Satoshi: 14 articles (01/2015 - 03/2002)
3.	Kusunoki, Susumu: 7 articles (05/2015 - 10/2004)
4.	Mori, Masahiro: 5 articles (11/2015 - 08/2002)
5.	Hirata, Koichi: 5 articles (07/2014 - 03/2002)
6.	Hattori, T: 5 articles (03/2005 - 10/2000)
7.	Kuwabara, S: 5 articles (03/2005 - 10/2000)
8.	Misawa, Sonoko: 4 articles (07/2014 - 01/2004)
9.	Jacobs, Bart C: 4 articles (06/2013 - 12/2004)
10.	Odaka, Masaaki: 4 articles (12/2012 - 08/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Guillain-Barre Syndrome:

1.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 01/01/2014 - "EMG and NCV were in favor of Guillain-Barre syndrome, for which IVIG was prescribed and the abnormal sensations in the lower limbs rapidly improved. " 07/01/2012 - "Although electroneurography showed only absent F waves, preventing us from reaching a definitive neurophysiological diagnosis of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, children's presenting clinical manifestations, their disease course, and rapid and complete recovery after intravenous immunoglobulins argued strongly in its favor. " 01/01/2012 - "IVIG treatment for VZV-related acute inflammatory polyneuropathy in a child." 05/01/2009 - "[Guillain-Barre syndrome and IVIg: does early initiation of treatment influence the mean hospital stay?]." 10/01/1998 - "Guillain-Barre syndrome in Thai children: retrospective analysis of the clinical and outcome prior to intravenous immune globulin era."
2.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 10/01/1991 - "High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin was effective in 3 children with severe Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). " 01/01/1995 - "We concluded that intravenous immunoglobulin is a safe and effective treatment for childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome which shortens the time to recovery." 04/01/2003 - "Adverse effect of polyvalent immunoglobulin in the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome." 10/01/2000 - "(1) Human polyvalent immunoglobulin for intravenous administration has now been licensed in France for the treatment of adults with Guillain-Barre syndrome. " 10/01/2000 - "Human immunoglobulin and the Guillain-Barre syndrome: new indication. "
3.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/1985 - "These results were comparable with those obtained in trials of corticosteroids in acute inflammatory polyneuropathy in man, which have also not demonstrated any striking effects." 01/01/1996 - "Do corticosteroids influence the disease course or mortality in Guillain-Barre' syndrome?" 01/01/1988 - "[Results in the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome with corticosteroids]." 04/01/1980 - "Failure of oral versus parenteral corticosteroids in a case of acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (Guillain-Barré syndrome)." 01/01/2016 - "Electromyogram and nerve conduction studies showed acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and the patient received intravenous immunoglobulin followed by corticosteroids. "
4.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1996 - "Forty-six patients of Guillain-Barre' Syndrome were randomized to receive either prednisolone (40 mg daily for 2 weeks and then tapered off) or placebo. " 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of IVIG in children has been shown as first line treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, dermatomyositis as a second-line drug in the combination with prednisolone or immunosuppressors in patients refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and cytostatics, myasthenic crisis in myasthenia gravis, exacerbations and short-term treatment of severe forms, non-responsiveness to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, multiple sclerosis as second or third line of treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting course with intolerance to standard immunomodulatory therapy, acute multiple encephalomyelitis with no response to the treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, paraneoplastic syndromes, pharmacoresistant epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. "
5.	Cytostatic AgentsIBA 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of IVIG in children has been shown as first line treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, dermatomyositis as a second-line drug in the combination with prednisolone or immunosuppressors in patients refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and cytostatics, myasthenic crisis in myasthenia gravis, exacerbations and short-term treatment of severe forms, non-responsiveness to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, multiple sclerosis as second or third line of treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting course with intolerance to standard immunomodulatory therapy, acute multiple encephalomyelitis with no response to the treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, paraneoplastic syndromes, pharmacoresistant epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. "
6.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2013 - "Efficacy of low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide in systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with Guillain-Barre syndrome-like acute axonal neuropathies: report of two cases."
7.	Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Anticholinesterases)IBA 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of IVIG in children has been shown as first line treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, dermatomyositis as a second-line drug in the combination with prednisolone or immunosuppressors in patients refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and cytostatics, myasthenic crisis in myasthenia gravis, exacerbations and short-term treatment of severe forms, non-responsiveness to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, multiple sclerosis as second or third line of treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting course with intolerance to standard immunomodulatory therapy, acute multiple encephalomyelitis with no response to the treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, paraneoplastic syndromes, pharmacoresistant epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. "
8.	Azathioprine (Imuran)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1978 - "[Case of chronic Guillain-Barre syndrome treated successfully with azathioprine]."
9.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 10/01/2004 - "We report the management of a young patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome who suffered severe headache, which was not relieved by conventional analgesics. "
10.	Hashimoto's encephalitisIBA 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of IVIG in children has been shown as first line treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, dermatomyositis as a second-line drug in the combination with prednisolone or immunosuppressors in patients refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and cytostatics, myasthenic crisis in myasthenia gravis, exacerbations and short-term treatment of severe forms, non-responsiveness to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, multiple sclerosis as second or third line of treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting course with intolerance to standard immunomodulatory therapy, acute multiple encephalomyelitis with no response to the treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, paraneoplastic syndromes, pharmacoresistant epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Plasmapheresis 01/01/1990 - "Although the number of patients treated is small, the clinical response observed would indicate plasmapheresis to be a safe and effective therapy in children with acute inflammatory polyneuropathy." 01/01/2015 - "Nerve conduction studies could not rule out Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and plasmapheresis was considered. " 01/01/1985 - "The North American study of plasmapheresis in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. " 06/01/2010 - "The relevance of early treatment with plasmapheresis and the definition of the etiologic diagnosis determine that the prognosis of the Guillain Barre syndrome is favorable." 11/01/2002 - "[Plasmapheresis in Guillain-Barre syndrome]."
2.	Immunotherapy 04/01/2009 - "Thus, immunotherapy (which is not GBS-specific) is also effective for treating acute inflammatory polyneuropathies that do not fulfil the diagnostic criteria for GBS, and early diagnosis and treatment of these cases is essential. " 01/01/2015 - "The scientists of the biggest Russian neurological centre, Research Centre of Neurology (Moscow), developed a <<vaccine>> for immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis, studied pathomorphosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome, specified the components of its pathogenesis, improved the programs of pathogenetic therapy, which led to the decrease in mortality from 30 to 3%, helped to decrease the A VL period by 2 times, hasten the recovery of independent walking by 2.5 times. " 04/01/1996 - "Moderately high antibody titers (1/1,280-1/5,120) were occasionally found in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (5%), multifocal motor neuropathy (18%), lower motor neuron disease (3.8%), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1.8%) and in immunological control subjects (1.2%), while titers of 1/20,480 or higher were only found in 2 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (IgG in both) and 2 with motor neuropathy and IgM lambda monoclonal gammopathy improving with immunotherapy. "
3.	Plasma Exchange 01/01/1989 - "This work add biological data to the positive results of plasma exchange in Guillain-Barre syndrome obtained by the North American and French Cooperative Trials." 01/01/1989 - "The present study was designed to determine whether plasma exchange has a beneficial effect on the activity of the demyelinating factor present in the serum of patients with the Guillain-Barre syndrome. " 12/08/1984 - "The results of a controlled trial in which 38 patients with severe acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy took part indicate that plasma exchange favourably influenced the course of the disease. " 04/21/1984 - "A randomised controlled trial of exchange versus no exchange was conducted to find out whether plasma exchange would be useful in acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. " 04/21/1984 - "Controlled trial of plasma exchange in acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy."
4.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis) 07/01/2002 - "Randomized, controlled trials have clearly shown a benefit for patients treated with apheresis who have Guillain-Barre syndrome and patients who have thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. " 01/01/2008 - "Different methods of therapeutic apheresis achieved good results in treatment of age-related macular degeneration, sudden hearing-loss, dilatative cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hepatic failure, inflammatory bowel diseases, and different neurologic conditions like Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis and myastenia gravis. " 01/01/2015 - "The recent guidelines of the American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) and, later, the American Academy of Neurology, outlined directions and diagrams for the application of the method that has found wide use in many neurological diseases on the basis of auto-antibodies; in particular in Myasthenia Gravis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Multiple Sclerosis and Chronic Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy. "
5.	Immunomodulation 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of IVIG in children has been shown as first line treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, dermatomyositis as a second-line drug in the combination with prednisolone or immunosuppressors in patients refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and cytostatics, myasthenic crisis in myasthenia gravis, exacerbations and short-term treatment of severe forms, non-responsiveness to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, multiple sclerosis as second or third line of treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting course with intolerance to standard immunomodulatory therapy, acute multiple encephalomyelitis with no response to the treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, paraneoplastic syndromes, pharmacoresistant epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. "