Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

A form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of North America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, EASTERN EQUINE) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of AEDES mosquitoes. Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, HEADACHE, altered mentation, and SEIZURES followed by coma. The condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. Recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and EPILEPSY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)

Also Known As:

Networked: 111 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 7 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	St. Louis Encephalitis
2.	Infection
3.	Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
4.	Rabies (Hydrophobia)
5.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)

Experts

1.	Weaver, Scott C: 5 articles (12/2014 - 09/2005)
2.	Wang, Eryu: 4 articles (12/2014 - 09/2005)
3.	Parker, Michael D: 2 articles (10/2014 - 10/2002)
4.	Reed, Douglas S: 2 articles (10/2014 - 06/2012)
5.	Powers, Ann M: 2 articles (02/2014 - 01/2003)
6.	Aguilar, Patricia V: 2 articles (10/2007 - 09/2005)
7.	Paessler, Slobodan: 2 articles (10/2007 - 09/2005)
8.	Wilkerson, M: 1 article (11/2015)
9.	Davis, E G: 1 article (11/2015)
10.	Bryan, A J: 1 article (11/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis:

1.	Poly I-CIBA 09/01/2005 - "Mice pretreated with poly(I-C), a nonspecific IFN inducer, exhibited dose-dependent protection against fatal eastern equine encephalitis, further evidence that IFN is important in controlling disease. "
2.	AntigensIBA 05/01/1986 - "Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral antigen in avian blood by enzyme immunoassay: a laboratory study." 10/01/2015 - "Production of a Sindbis/Eastern Equine Encephalitis chimeric virus inactivated cell culture antigen." 01/01/2005 - "Additionally, 14 pools of An. crucians complex tested positive for Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus antigen. " 12/01/2003 - "Sensitivity of the VecTest antigen assay for eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses." 01/01/2003 - "There was no evidence of cross-reaction when tested with high concentrations of heterologous flavivirus antigens or with Eastern equine encephalitis or Western equine encephalitis viruses. "
3.	Chikungunya virus infectionIBA 06/01/2012 - "This review discusses the ecology, epidemiology and molecular virology of the alphaviruses, then focuses on three of the most important members of the genus: Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis and chikungunya viruses, with emphasis on their genetics and emergence mechanisms, and how current knowledge as well as gaps influence our ability to detect and determine the source of both natural outbreaks and potential use for bioterrorism. " 09/01/1992 - "There was also poor survival to the adult stage of Ae. taeniorhynchus inoculated with either eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) or chikungunya (CHIK) virus. " 01/01/1975 - "The paper reports on serological results obtained by HAI tests against several alphaviruses - eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), western equine encephalitis (WEE), Chikungunya, Midlebourg, Semliki Forest, Sindbis, and Ilheus viruses - carried out in humans and some domestic animals in a region with an intensive circulation of migratory birds. " 03/01/2007 - "This study analyzes the risk of emergence of the alphaviruses Mayaro, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis and Chikungunya; the flaviviruses yellow fever, Rocio, Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile; and the orthobunyavirus Oropouche." 10/01/2010 - "Broad application of these assays is hindered by the lack of standardized positive human control sera that react with a wide variety of flaviviruses (e.g., dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Powassan viruses), or alphaviruses (e.g., Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and chikungunya viruses) that can cause human disease. "
4.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 04/01/1990 - "Identification of monoclonal antibodies capable of differentiating antigenic varieties of eastern equine encephalitis viruses." 01/01/1994 - "The hemagglutination (HA) domains of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) and the eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) viruses providing the interaction of virions and red blood cells were studied with the use of a panel of 17 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). " 11/01/1991 - "The receptor region for virus-cell interaction in Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) viruses was studied using a panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies (MCA). " 05/01/1993 - "Thirty-three monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) interacting with the structural proteins of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus were prepared. " 01/01/1996 - "Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with sixty types of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was used to study cross-reactive epitopes on the attenuated and virulent strains of the Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruses. "
5.	Formaldehyde (Formol)FDA Link 04/01/1996 - "Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (F.EE) virus was detected in infected formalin-fixed horse and emu tissues and in infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. " 10/01/1987 - "As a possible strategy to protect whooping cranes (Grus americana) from fatal eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viral infection, studies were conducted to determine the immune response of this species and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) to a formalin-inactivated EEE viral vaccine. " 04/01/1996 - "An immunohistochemical (IHC) assay was developed for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. "
6.	EpitopesIBA 01/01/1996 - "Glycoproteins E2 of the Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses contain multiple cross-reactive epitopes." 05/01/1994 - "We have used eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus as a model to examine the differential expression of alpha-galactosyl epitopes on the glycoproteins of virus propagated in cells that either produce or lack alpha 1,3GT. " 01/01/1996 - "Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with sixty types of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was used to study cross-reactive epitopes on the attenuated and virulent strains of the Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruses. "
7.	AntibodiesIBA 06/01/2000 - "Even thought no virus was isolated, serologic analyses showed hemagglutinazing antibodies to Eastern equine encephalitis, Mucambo, Pixuna, Maguari, and St Luis encephalitis viruses. " 09/01/1996 - "Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing (NT) antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus were identified in sera collected during each year. " 01/01/1988 - "A rapid dot immunoassay for the detection of serum antibodies to eastern equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in sentinel chickens." 01/01/1981 - "Very few cases with Eastern equine encephalitis antibodies were detected." 07/01/1978 - "Using antibodies produced in humans and guinea pigs, the RIA procedure clearly differentiated among antibodies to Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses. "
8.	VaccinesIBA 02/08/2012 - "To develop an effective vaccine against eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), we engineered a recombinant EEE virus (EEEV) that was attenuated and capable of replicating only in vertebrate cells, an important safety feature for live vaccines against mosquito-borne viruses. " 10/23/2007 - "We developed chimeric Sindbis (SINV)/eastern equine encephalitis (EEEV) viruses and investigated their potential for use as live virus vaccines against EEEV. " 11/01/1971 - "Eastern equine encephalomyelitis vaccines were prepared with virus propagated in stationary monolayer cultures and in concentrated suspension cultures of primary chick embryo cells. " 11/01/1971 - "Inactivated eastern equine encephalomyelitis vaccines prepared in monolayer and concentrated suspension chick embryo cultures." 07/01/1968 - "The immunologic response of the guinea pig to Eastern equine encephalomyelitis vaccines."
9.	Neutralizing AntibodiesIBA 02/15/2009 - "Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus neutralizing antibody responses were determined with a plaque reduction neutralization assay every 14 days in alpacas on the first farm and 70 days after the first dose of vaccine on the second farm. " 11/01/1986 - "Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus was isolated from specimens of the livers, kidneys, lungs, brains, and intestines of 4 of the 7 birds that died, and EEE virus-neutralizing antibody was detected in 14 (44%) of the 32 surviving birds. " 03/01/2004 - "Sera were analyzed for hemagglutination-inhibition antibody to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses, and neutralizing antibodies to EEE, Highlands J (HJ), and SLE viruses. " 12/01/1997 - "In 1995, neither eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus nor St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus was isolated from any of 218 bird sera screened, but serum neutralizing antibodies were found to EEE virus in 4 of 121 (3%) sera and to SLE virus in 2 of 121 (2%) sera from South Carolina. " 09/01/1985 - "The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) was consistently higher than to western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus in all species and all areas. "
10.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 01/01/1986 - "Sera from humans with serologically confirmed eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, Pogosta (Ockelbo), Mayaro, Ross River, and chikungunya virus infections were tested by immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme immunoassay. " 01/01/1994 - "Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used as possible adjuncts to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests to differentiate between reaction to recent exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and those due to prior vaccination. " 07/01/1991 - "We developed an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG subclass antibodies directed against eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in chickens. " 11/01/1986 - "Young chickens were inoculated with 5,000 PFU of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus and bled at intervals thereafter for determinations of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI), neutralizing (N), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and IgG antibodies. " 02/01/1986 - "Paired sera from 20 humans with eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus infections and from 17 humans with western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus infections, all with previously demonstrated fourfold or greater rises or falls in hemagglutination-inhibiting, complement-fixing, or neutralizing antibody titers, were tested for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies by an enzyme immunoassay. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia 05/31/1947 - "INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA ON EXPERIMENTAL NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS : II. IN VITRO STUDIES WITH THE VIRUSES OF WESTERN AND EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS, POLIOMYELITIS (LANSING), AND RABIES." 09/30/1946 - "INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA ON EXPERIMENTAL NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS : I. IN VIVO STUDIES WITH THE VIRUSES OF WESTERN AND EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS, POLIOMYELITIS (LANSING), AND RABIES." 05/31/1947 - "1. Experimental neurotropic virus infections previously shown to be altered by ether anesthesia are caused by viruses destroyed in vitro by anesthetic ether; this group includes the viruses of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis, and St. Louis encephalitis. "
2.	Injections 02/01/1972 - "[Studies on the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) in the mouse after injections of virus]."
3.	Immunotherapy 02/13/2001 - "A case of immunotherapy-responsive eastern equine encephalitis with diffusion-weighted imaging."