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Reflex Epilepsy (Photosensitive Epilepsy)

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A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)

Also Known As:

Photosensitive Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Photosensitive; Epilepsy, Reflex; Audiogenic Epilepsy; Cursive Epilepsy; Decision Making Reflex Epilepsy; Eating-Induced Epilepsy; Immersion Related Epilepsy; Musicogenic Epilepsy; Reading Epilepsy; Reflex Epilepsy, Visual Pattern; Tactile Reflex Epilepsy; Visual Pattern Reflex Epilepsy; Writing-Induced Reflex Epilepsy; Audiogenic Epilepsies; Audiogenic Reflex Epilepsies; Audiogenic Reflex Epilepsy; Cursive Reflex Epilepsies (Running); Cursive Reflex Epilepsy (Running); Eating Induced Epilepsy; Eating-Induced Epilepsies; Eating-Induced Reflex Epilepsies; Eating-Induced Reflex Epilepsy; Epilepsies, Audiogenic Reflex; Epilepsies, Cursive; Epilepsies, Eating-Induced; Epilepsies, Eating-Induced Reflex; Epilepsies, Immersion Related; Epilepsies, Musicogenic; Epilepsies, Musicogenic Reflex; Epilepsies, Photosensitive; Epilepsies, Photosensitive Reflex; Epilepsies, Reading; Epilepsies, Reading Reflex; Epilepsies, Reflex; Epilepsies, Tactile Reflex; Epilepsies, Writing-Induced Reflex; Epilepsy, Audiogenic; Epilepsy, Audiogenic Reflex; Epilepsy, Cursive; Epilepsy, Cursive Reflex (Running); Epilepsy, Eating-Induced; Epilepsy, Eating-Induced Reflex; Epilepsy, Immersion Related; Epilepsy, Musicogenic; Epilepsy, Musicogenic Reflex; Epilepsy, Photosensitive Reflex; Epilepsy, Reading; Epilepsy, Reading Reflex; Epilepsy, Tactile Reflex; Epilepsy, Writing-Induced Reflex; Immersion Related Epilepsies; Musicogenic Epilepsies; Musicogenic Reflex Epilepsies; Musicogenic Reflex Epilepsy; Photosensitive Epilepsies; Photosensitive Reflex Epilepsies; Photosensitive Reflex Epilepsy; Reading Epilepsies; Reading Reflex Epilepsies; Reading Reflex Epilepsy; Reflex Epilepsies; Reflex Epilepsies, Audiogenic; Reflex Epilepsies, Cursive (Running); Reflex Epilepsies, Eating-Induced; Reflex Epilepsies, Musicogenic; Reflex Epilepsies, Photosensitive; Reflex Epilepsies, Reading; Reflex Epilepsies, Tactile; Reflex Epilepsies, Writing-Induced; Reflex Epilepsy, Eating Induced; Reflex Epilepsy, Tactile; Reflex Epilepsy, Writing-Induced; Tactile Reflex Epilepsies; Writing Induced Reflex Epilepsy; Writing-Induced Reflex Epilepsies; Reflex Epilepsy, Audiogenic; Reflex Epilepsy, Cursive (Running); Reflex Epilepsy, Eating-Induced; Reflex Epilepsy, Musicogenic; Reflex Epilepsy, Photosensitive; Reflex Epilepsy, Reading

Networked: 156 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 12 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 6158
- Central Nervous System Diseases: 1649
  - Brain Diseases: 2114
    - Epilepsy: 22953
      - Reflex Epilepsy: 156

Related Diseases

1.	Seizures (Seizure)
2.	Myoclonus (Nocturnal Myoclonus)
3.	Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
4.	Epilepsy (Aura)
5.	Spasm (Spasms)

Experts

1.	Poletaeva, I I: 3 articles (04/2009 - 06/2004)
2.	Vinogradova, Lyudmila V: 2 articles (06/2015 - 10/2011)
3.	van Rijn, Clementina M: 2 articles (06/2015 - 10/2011)
4.	Mayer, Thomas: 2 articles (06/2015 - 02/2009)
5.	Batini, Cesira: 2 articles (01/2011 - 01/2005)
6.	Naquet, Robert: 2 articles (01/2011 - 01/2005)
7.	Markina, N V: 2 articles (04/2009 - 07/2008)
8.	Perepelkina, O V: 2 articles (04/2009 - 07/2008)
9.	Rasić, Aleksandra: 2 articles (11/2007 - 10/2007)
10.	Hrncić, Dragan: 2 articles (11/2007 - 10/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Reflex Epilepsy:

1.	Anticonvulsants (Antiepileptic Drugs)IBA 01/01/1987 - "Most antiepileptic drugs are effective in these reflex epilepsies. " 06/01/1987 - "The genetic animal model of reflex epilepsy in the Mongolian gerbil: differential efficacy of new anticonvulsive drugs and prototype antiepileptics." 11/01/1996 - "Photosensitive epilepsy: a model to study the effects of antiepileptic drugs. " 04/01/2012 - "The response of reading epilepsy to new antiepileptic drugs is not known. " 07/13/2004 - "All had generalized photosensitive epilepsy requiring antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). "
2.	Valproic Acid (Valproate, Semisodium)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1997 - "This study suggests that photosensitivity persists in at least two thirds of patients with photosensitive epilepsy and that valproate is effective in controlling this photosensitivity." 07/15/2004 - "Efficacy of sodium valproate in the treatment of photosensitive epilepsy (PSE) and the probable reasons for the persistence of occipital spikes." 07/01/1980 - "Based upon a three-dimensional plot (response plane) representing a condensation of human sensory evoked potential data obtained from a paired stimulus protocol, a study was undertaken to investigate electrophysiological changes following sodium valproate administration in subjects with photosensitive epilepsy. " 12/01/1978 - "A controlled study of the effect of sodium valproate on photosensitive epilepsy and its prognosis." 05/01/1986 - "[Visual evoked potentials in photosensitive epilepsy--effect of valproic acid therapy]."
3.	Clonazepam (Rivotril)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1990 - "[Primary reading epilepsy: therapeutic efficacy of clonazepam in one case]." 01/01/1984 - "Familial photosensitive epilepsy: effectiveness of clonazepam." 01/01/1983 - "Clonazepam therapy in reading epilepsy." 07/01/1982 - "Clonazepam Therapy in a case of primary reading epilepsy." 02/01/1981 - "Clonazepam therapy in reading epilepsy."
4.	Q-Type Calcium Channels (Q-Type Calcium Channel)IBA 07/01/1996 - "Omega-Conotoxin MVIIC (0.1, 0.3 micrograms ICV/mouse) and omega-agatoxin IVA (0.1, 0.3, 1 micrograms ICV), which act predominantly at P- and/or Q-type calcium channels, prevented clonic and tonic sound-induced seizures in this animal model of reflex epilepsy (ED50 values with 95% confidence limits for protection against clonic sound-induced seizures were 0.09 (0.04-0.36) micrograms ICV and 0.09 (0.05-0.15) micrograms ICV respectively and against tonic seizures 0.07 (0.03-0.16) micrograms ICV and 0.08 (0.04-0.13) micrograms ICV, respectively). "
5.	omega-Agatoxin IVAIBA 07/01/1996 - "Omega-Conotoxin MVIIC (0.1, 0.3 micrograms ICV/mouse) and omega-agatoxin IVA (0.1, 0.3, 1 micrograms ICV), which act predominantly at P- and/or Q-type calcium channels, prevented clonic and tonic sound-induced seizures in this animal model of reflex epilepsy (ED50 values with 95% confidence limits for protection against clonic sound-induced seizures were 0.09 (0.04-0.36) micrograms ICV and 0.09 (0.05-0.15) micrograms ICV respectively and against tonic seizures 0.07 (0.03-0.16) micrograms ICV and 0.08 (0.04-0.13) micrograms ICV, respectively). "
6.	Methylphenidate (Ritalin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2011 - "Clinical response to methylphenidate in a patient with self-induced photosensitive epilepsy." 06/01/2011 - "Our purpose is to report the case of an 8-year-old girl with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and self-induced photosensitive epilepsy whose behavior in general, and self-inducing behavior in particular, improved dramatically following treatment with methylphenidate."
7.	Lorazepam (Ativan)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2001 - "We report 5 cases of photosensitive epilepsy with inadequate response to usual antiepileptic drugs who had complete or near complete remission with lorazepam."
8.	omega-conotoxin-MVIICIBA 07/01/1996 - "Omega-Conotoxin MVIIC (0.1, 0.3 micrograms ICV/mouse) and omega-agatoxin IVA (0.1, 0.3, 1 micrograms ICV), which act predominantly at P- and/or Q-type calcium channels, prevented clonic and tonic sound-induced seizures in this animal model of reflex epilepsy (ED50 values with 95% confidence limits for protection against clonic sound-induced seizures were 0.09 (0.04-0.36) micrograms ICV and 0.09 (0.05-0.15) micrograms ICV respectively and against tonic seizures 0.07 (0.03-0.16) micrograms ICV and 0.08 (0.04-0.13) micrograms ICV, respectively). "
9.	abecarnilIBA 04/01/1990 - "In genetic models of reflex epilepsy, abecarnil was effective against sound-induced convulsions in DBA/2 mice, against air blast-induced generalized seizures in gerbils and against myoclonus in baboons Papio papio. "
10.	etiracetam (levetiracetam)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2012 - "New observations in primary and secondary reading epilepsy: excellent response to levetiracetam and early spontaneous remission." 04/01/2012 - "We propose levetiracetam as a first-line treatment for primary and secondary reading epilepsy. " 04/01/2012 - "One other patient with secondary reading epilepsy became seizure-free with levetiracetam add-on therapy. " 04/01/2012 - "One patient with primary reading epilepsy became seizure-free with divalproex monotherapy and another with levetiracetam monotherapy after failure of lamotrigine. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lenses 09/01/2004 - "These preliminary data suggest that blue cross-polarized lenses may be useful in the treatment of photosensitive epilepsies and that their efficacy can be predicted in the EEG laboratory." 09/01/2004 - "We tested the effect of combining the use of blue and cross-polarized lenses in three patients with photosensitive epilepsy. "
2.	Transplants (Transplant) 01/01/2005 - "Electroencephalographic characteristics and clinical symptoms of an avian genetic reflex epilepsy have been transferred from Fayoumi epileptic (Fepi) chickens to non-epileptic chickens by embryonic homotopic grafts of brain neuroepithelium. " 01/01/2005 - "Transfer of an avian genetic reflex epilepsy by embryonic brain graft: a tissue autonomous process?" 02/01/1995 - "The genetic photosensitive epilepsy of the Fayoumi chicken was transferred to normal chickens by in situ grafts at 2 days of incubation, of both the prosencephalic and mesencephalic brain vesicles taken from epileptic embryos. " 02/01/1995 - "Reflex epilepsy of the fowl and its transfer to normal chickens by brain embryonic grafts." 01/01/1993 - "[Transfer of photosensitive epilepsy of genetic origin by selective grafts of brain vesicles in chick embryo]."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2005 - "This unusual reflex epilepsy is relatively benign in nature and antiepileptic drug therapy has uncertain benefits. " 09/01/2004 - "Pharmacotherapy for photosensitive epilepsy is not always effective and is associated with well-recognized toxicities. "
4.	Local Anesthesia 12/01/1950 - "[Reflex epilepsy due to local anesthesia]." 06/20/1950 - "[The cramp syndrome in local anesthesia, a manifestation of reflex epilepsy]."
5.	Laminectomy 01/01/1965 - "[CAN THE CONVULSIVE SYNDROME AFTER LAMINECTOMY OR RADICULOGRAPHY BE IDENTIFIED WITH THE SOCALLED REFLEX EPILEPSY DUE TO PERIPHERAL STIMULI?]."