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Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome

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Excessive periodic leg movements during sleep that cause micro-arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. This condition induces a state of relative sleep deprivation which manifests as excessive daytime hypersomnolence. The movements are characterized by repetitive contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle, extension of the toe, and intermittent flexion of the hip, knee and ankle. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p387)

Also Known As:

Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements; Periodic Leg Movements, Excessive, Sleep-Related; Sleep-Related Periodic Leg Movements, Excessive; Excessive Periodic Sleep Related Leg Movements; Myoclonus Syndrome, Nocturnal; Myoclonus Syndrome, Sleep; Myoclonus Syndromes, Sleep; Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndromes; Sleep Myoclonus Syndromes; Sleep Related Periodic Leg Movements, Excessive; Syndrome, Nocturnal Myoclonus; Syndrome, Sleep Myoclonus; Syndromes, Sleep Myoclonus; Periodic Limb Movement Disorder; Periodic Movement Disorder, Sleep; Sleep Disorder, Periodic Movements; Sleep Myoclonus Syndrome

Networked: 33 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 2 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 6158
- Sleep Disorders: 1194
  - Parasomnias: 83
    - Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome: 33
  - Dyssomnias: 21
    - Intrinsic Sleep Disorders: 9
      - Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome: 33

Related Diseases

1.	Restless Legs Syndrome (Restless Legs)
2.	Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia)
3.	Obstructive Sleep Apnea
4.	Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)
5.	REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Experts

1.	Stanzione, Paolo: 1 article (12/2015)
2.	Pierantozzi, Mariangela: 1 article (12/2015)
3.	Mercuri, Nicola Biagio: 1 article (12/2015)
4.	Placidi, Fabio: 1 article (12/2015)
5.	Liguori, Claudio: 1 article (12/2015)
6.	Stefani, Alessandro: 1 article (12/2015)
7.	Marciani, Maria Grazia: 1 article (12/2015)
8.	Abakay, Ozlem: 1 article (05/2015)
9.	Palanci, Yilmaz: 1 article (05/2015)
10.	Evliyaoglu, Osman: 1 article (05/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome:

1.	saccharated ferric oxide FDA Link 11/01/2013 - "We report on the safety, adverse effects, and efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose in a retrospective sample of children with restless legs syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). " 11/01/2013 - "Treatment of childhood-onset restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder using intravenous iron sucrose."
2.	Clonazepam (Rivotril)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1996 - "Comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clonazepam for treating periodic limb movement disorder." 04/01/2001 - "Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD): acute placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies with clonazepam."
3.	Valproic Acid (Valproate, Semisodium)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2000 - "In this study, open-label valproate (VPA) was administered to patients as a treatment for periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). " 10/01/2000 - "Valproate for sleep consolidation in periodic limb movement disorder."
4.	Dopamine Agents (Dopaminergic Agents)IBA 05/01/2004 - "Dopaminergic agents, particularly dopamine agonists, have been used with increasing frequency in the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. " 01/01/2006 - "Moreover, transdermal dopaminergic drugs, particularly rotigotine, seem the ideal treatment for patients experiencing restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder during sleep, disorders that are quite common in elderly people or in association with neurodegenerative diseases. " 04/01/2001 - "Restless legs syndrome (RLS) - a common sensorimotor disorder - and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) are currently treated with substances of four classes: dopaminergic agents, which are considered the drugs of choice, benzodiazepines, opioids and anticonvulsants. "
5.	Bupropion (Wellbutrin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2000 - "Bupropion SR reduces periodic limb movements associated with arousals from sleep in depressed patients with periodic limb movement disorder." 06/01/1999 - "Bupropion, periodic limb movement disorder, and ADHD."
6.	Dopamine Receptors (Dopamine Receptor)IBA 01/01/1996 - "In previous investigations we found an increase of D2 dopamine receptors in the striatum of patients with nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS) after treatment with dopamimetics. " 01/01/1995 - "According to our SPET findings of a reduced binding of [123I]labeled (S)-2-hydroxy-3-iodo-6-methoxy-([1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl) benzamide (IBZM) (a highly selective CNS D2 dopamine receptor ligand) to D2 dopamine receptors in striatal structures in untreated patients with nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS) it seemed to be of interest to investigate whether there are changes in D2 receptor binding under dopamine replacement therapy or not. "
7.	Pergolide (Permax)FDA Link 01/01/1998 - "Pergolide: treatment of choice in Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome (NMS). " 01/01/1997 - "Pergolide: treatment of choice in restless legs syndrome (RLS) and nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS). "
8.	IronIBA 02/01/2009 - "Iron deficiency is associated with paediatric sleep disturbances; in particular, restless leg syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). " 05/01/2007 - "Restless leg syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) are considered to be a continuum of a neurological sleep disorder associated with abnormal iron metabolism or deficiency. "
9.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1995 - "Nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (periodic movements in sleep) related to central dopamine D2-receptor alteration." 01/01/1995 - "Single photon emission tomography (SPET) imaging of dopamine D2 receptors in the course of dopamine replacement therapy in patients with nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS)." 01/01/1995 - "We studied the uptake and distribution of [123I]IBZM before and in the course of dopamine replacement therapy in four patients with severe insomnia caused by a nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS). " 01/01/1995 - "According to our SPET findings of a reduced binding of [123I]labeled (S)-2-hydroxy-3-iodo-6-methoxy-([1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl) benzamide (IBZM) (a highly selective CNS D2 dopamine receptor ligand) to D2 dopamine receptors in striatal structures in untreated patients with nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS) it seemed to be of interest to investigate whether there are changes in D2 receptor binding under dopamine replacement therapy or not. "
10.	BenzodiazepinesIBA 03/01/1996 - "During a 12-year period, one author evaluated and treated 170 adult referrals for > or = 6 months with nightly benzodiazepine therapy for longstanding, sleep-disruptive disorders: injurious sleepwalking and sleep terrors (69); rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (52); chronic, severe insomnia (25); and restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement disorder (24). " 04/01/2001 - "Restless legs syndrome (RLS) - a common sensorimotor disorder - and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) are currently treated with substances of four classes: dopaminergic agents, which are considered the drugs of choice, benzodiazepines, opioids and anticonvulsants. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy 03/01/2005 - "Periodic limb movement disorder: an unusual mechanism of twiddling and potential benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy."
2.	Off-Label Use 11/01/2003 - "A thorough review of the medical and pharmacy literature related to off-label use of gabapentin was performed, and a summary of the literature for the following conditions is presented: bipolar disorder, peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome, attention deficit disorder, restless legs syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, periodic limb movement disorder of sleep, migraine headaches, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome. "
3.	Deep Brain Stimulation 01/01/2013 - "Bilateral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease with periodic limb movement disorder."
4.	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 05/01/1993 - "Relationship of nasal continuous positive airway pressure to periodic limb movement disorder in a patient without sleep apnea."
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2013 - "Several sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, sleepwalking, REM sleep behavior disorder, and narcolepsy, may be comorbid or possibly mimic numerous psychiatric disorders, and can even occur due to psychiatric pharmacotherapy. "