Zygomycosis (Phycomycosis)

Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.

Also Known As:

Networked: 342 relevant articles (28 outcomes, 21 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Aspergillosis
3.	Candidiasis (Moniliasis)
4.	Mucormycosis
5.	Cryptococcosis

Experts

1.	Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P: 7 articles (12/2011 - 04/2005)
2.	Lortholary, Olivier: 6 articles (02/2013 - 04/2008)
3.	Walsh, Thomas J: 6 articles (09/2011 - 04/2005)
4.	Singh, Nina: 5 articles (07/2010 - 06/2008)
5.	Rickerts, V: 5 articles (06/2010 - 10/2001)
6.	Dannaoui, Eric: 5 articles (06/2010 - 06/2002)
7.	Cornely, Oliver A: 4 articles (10/2010 - 09/2006)
8.	Rinaldi, Michael G: 4 articles (04/2010 - 05/2002)
9.	Perfect, John R: 4 articles (12/2009 - 11/2004)
10.	Kontoyiannis, D P: 4 articles (10/2009 - 06/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Zygomycosis:

1.	posaconazoleFDA Link 10/01/2006 - "On the basis of compassionate treatment data, posaconazole appears to be effective for treatment of zygomycosis. " 10/01/2010 - "Our findings showed that posaconazole could be useful in the treatment of zygomycosis. " 11/01/2008 - "Posaconazole as first line treatment for disseminated zygomycosis." 01/01/2007 - "It is not known whether posaconazole is effective as primary therapy for zygomycosis; the use of this agent for that purpose awaits clinical trials with the recently developed intravenous formulation of posaconazole." 01/01/2013 - "In patients with extensive zygomycosis, a triple-antifungal regimen, combined with therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole, may be helpful."
2.	liposomal amphotericin BFDA Link 06/01/2008 - "[AMBIZYGO: phase II study of high dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) [10 mg/kg/j] efficacy against zygomycosis]." 12/01/2010 - "In conclusion, L-AMB was effective at a clinical dosage, and at the MTD the efficacy of L-AMB was equal or superior to that of D-AMB in a murine model of disseminated zygomycosis. " 02/01/2010 - "Our findings indicate that the use of liposomal amphotericin B as first-line treatment for patients diagnosed with zygomycoses merits further investigation, preferably in the form of a clinical trial." 11/01/2011 - "Surgical resection and liposomal amphotericin B to treat cavitary pulmonary zygomycosis in a patient with diabetes." 05/01/2010 - "We therefore undertook an analysis of a case series of all patients with zygomycosis who received L-AMB for primary antifungal therapy in five major mid-Atlantic medical centers. "
3.	Amphotericin B (Amphotericin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2004 - "We conclude that high doses of lipid-based amphotericin B can be safe and effective as part of the treatment regimen for pulmonary zygomycosis." 10/01/2009 - "Amphotericin B (AmB) lipid complex (ABLC) was clinically evaluated for efficacy against zygomycosis in a single series and resulted in cure or improvement in 52% and in the stabilizing of disease in 20% of patients. " 10/01/2009 - "Lipid formulations of amphotericin B as first-line treatment of zygomycosis." 04/01/2014 - "Rapid treatment with amphotericin B and supportive care are essential in the care of individuals with zygomycosis. " 11/01/2012 - "The main antifungal drug used in the treatment of zygomycosis is amphotericin B. "
4.	Itraconazole (Sporanox)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2007 - "Although Lipo-AMPH and itraconazole are comparatively effective for zygomycosis, progressive disseminated zygomycosis is extremely intractable. " 06/01/2002 - "The efficacy of itraconazole in these models of zygomycosis suggests that this drug, as well as the new azole compounds presently under development, warrants close evaluation." 04/01/2004 - "This patient was cured through the use of itraconazole alone and the literature on the utility of azole antifungals for zygomycosis is reviewed." 01/01/1996 - "[Subcutaneous phycomycosis successfully treated with itraconazole]." 09/01/2007 - "Two of the four zygomycosis cases were preceded by short durations of voriconazole therapy, but prolonged itraconazole prophylaxis. "
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 08/01/2011 - "Since the incidence of zygomycosis appears to have increased over the recent years, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of zygomycosis in case of any infection that is resistant to antibiotics." 09/01/1987 - "Gastrointestinal zygomycosis was diagnosed in 3 suckling pigs (10, 14, and 28 days old) with diarrhea that was unresponsive to treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. " 09/01/2012 - "The patient received wide spectrum antibiotics and was submitted to extensive debridement of the wound bed; transoperative biopsy revealed the presence of zygomycetes in the tissues and the diagnosis of primary cutaneous zygomycosis was made. " 09/01/2011 - "In fungal infections of immunosuppressive patients on broad-coverage antibiotics, foci of skin necrosis are unique and typical for zygomycoses, and may be helpful in this challenging diagnosis." 05/01/2004 - "Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) normally occurs among individuals with predisposing factors such as prematurity, use of broad spectrum antibiotics, metabolic acidosis or advanced stages of immunosuppression. "
6.	Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)IBA 02/01/1997 - "Disseminated zygomycosis in a neutropenic patient: successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor." 09/01/2011 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of posaconazole (PSC) in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a neutropaenic murine model of disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) due to Rhizopus microsporus. " 09/01/2011 - "Antifungal activity of posaconazole and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) in a neutropaenic murine model." 02/01/1997 - "We describe a neutropenic patient with disseminated zygomycosis that involved the lungs and kidneys and was successfully treated with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, followed by suppressive therapy with amphotericin B for 1 year. " 01/01/2007 - "We describe the case of a 10-year-old girl with aplastic anaemia and persistent neutropenia who developed cutaneous and subcutaneous zygomycosis of her right thigh that was successfully treated with extensive surgical debridement, intravenous liposomal amphotericin B, later changed to oral posaconazole for long-term suppressive therapy and granulocyte colony stimulating factor."
7.	ParaffinIBA 06/01/2010 - "Molecular detection and identification of zygomycetes species from paraffin-embedded tissues in a murine model of disseminated zygomycosis: a collaborative European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) evaluation." 01/01/2015 - "We present a case of zygomycosis of decubitus ulcers in which we assessed statistical measures of performance of frozen section analysis for presence of fungal organisms on the margin, compared with formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections as gold standard. "
8.	caspofungin (Cancidas)FDA Link 02/01/2005 - "Caspofungin inhibits Rhizopus oryzae 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase, lowers burden in brain measured by quantitative PCR, and improves survival at a low but not a high dose during murine disseminated zygomycosis." 12/01/2005 - "Successful treatment of rhinocerebral zygomycosis with a combination of caspofungin and liposomal amphotericin B." 02/01/2005 - "Combination therapy with amphotericin B lipid complex and caspofungin acetate of disseminated zygomycosis in diabetic ketoacidotic mice." 09/01/2004 - "Efficacy and feasibility of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex therapy in caspofungin breakthrough pulmonary zygomycosis." 12/01/2005 - "We report here on the unusual case of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia and zygomycosis unresponsive to monotherapy with liposomal amphotericin B, who responded favorably following the addition of the echinocandin caspofungin acetate."
9.	Ketoconazole (Nizoral)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1985 - "[First case of subcutaneous phycomycosis seen in Gabon and treated successfully with ketoconazole]." 11/01/1995 - "[Entomophthoramycosis: a case report of a Congolese child with rapid regression using ketoconazole]." 02/01/1995 - "Treatment of subcutaneous phycomycosis with ketoconazole." 10/15/1988 - "Ketoconazole for subcutaneous phycomycosis."
10.	Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)IBA 04/01/2005 - "corymbifera, IFN- gamma and GM-CSF augment the hyphal damage of all 3 zygomycetes, suggesting a role for IFN- gamma and GM-CSF in the management of invasive zygomycosis." 06/15/2001 - "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor should be considered as adjuvant therapy for rhinocerebral zygomycosis; however, optimum dose and length of therapy are unknown." 06/15/2001 - "We successfully treated 3 consecutive patients who had nonneutropenic rhinocerebral zygomycosis, by use of subcutaneous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor therapy combined with traditional surgical and medical treatment. " 06/15/2001 - "Resolution of rhinocerebral zygomycosis associated with adjuvant administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor." 08/01/2009 - "Efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B combined with gamma interferon or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for treatment of systemic zygomycosis in mice."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Debridement 11/01/2009 - "Zygomycosis was suspected and specimens from the surgical debridement were examined by microbiological and histopathological studies for confirming the clinical diagnosis. " 11/01/2012 - "The treatment of zygomycosis is multimodal and consists of surgical debridement, use of antifungal drugs, and reversal of underlying risk factors, when possible. " 10/01/2008 - "We concluded that to treat zygomycosis effectively, a multidisciplinary team approach is needed, focusing on immediate diagnosis, empirical antifungal therapy, reversal of underlying predisposing factors, and early surgical debridement. " 04/01/2008 - "Because resection is a cornerstone of treatment for zygomycosis, the authors anticipate a growing need for plastic surgery involvement for both surgical debridement with limb and tissue-sparing procedures, and for reconstructive options that effectively treat the disease while preserving both function and esthetics. " 11/01/2007 - "Zygomycosis remains difficult to treat and requires a multifaceted approach involving elimination of predisposing factors, surgical debridement, and antifungal therapy. "
2.	Transplants (Transplant) 07/01/2005 - "A review of 28 published cases of zygomycosis indicates that adjunctive HBO may be beneficial in diabetic patients (94% survival), whereas its benefit in the small group of patients with haematological malignancies or bone marrow transplants is doubtful (33% survival; p 0.02). " 07/01/2012 - "Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. " 04/01/2010 - "The clinical significance of these findings is unclear, but further studies are warranted given the potential for concomitant use of these agents in transplant patients treated for zygomycosis." 01/01/2012 - "Retrospective data of 10 consecutive patients with primary renal zygomycosis, including 2 post-transplant patients, in our tertiary care center was analyzed. " 01/01/2011 - "Rhino-cerebral zygomycosis after allogeneic transplant: case report and literature review."
3.	Salvage Therapy 06/01/2007 - "It is available as an oral suspension and has a favorable toxicity profile, has demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis and has shown promise as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis, zygomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis and a variety of other fungal infections. " 01/01/2008 - "Studies of salvage therapy of zygomycosis with posaconazole have yielded promising results and there are additional case reports of successful outcomes using these and other antifungal drugs as combination therapy. " 02/01/2007 - "Posaconazole as salvage therapy in a patient with disseminated zygomycosis: case report and review of the literature." 04/01/2006 - "Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases." 01/01/2006 - "Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis."
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 01/01/2009 - "Zygomycosis in a renal allograft recipient." 09/01/1996 - "Zygomycosis involved the lung in one and the allograft itself in the other. " 12/01/2012 - "Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) of renal allograft." 01/01/2009 - "We report here a case of disseminated zygomycosis (Rhizopus sp.) in a renal allograft recipient with posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). " 02/01/2007 - "Disseminated zygomycosis presenting as thyroid abscess in a renal allograft recipient."
5.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 06/01/2013 - "Multiple ring enhancing lesions in brain due to disseminated Zygomycosis in a renal transplant recipient." 03/01/2013 - "We present an unusual case of adult renal transplant recipient with IIH followed by rhinocerebral zygomycosis secondary to amplified immunosuppression that was managed successfully." 09/01/2011 - "Successful management of rhinosinusal zygomycosis in a renal transplant recipient." 09/01/2011 - "We report on zygomycosis in a pediatric, female stem-cell-transplant recipient. " 10/01/2009 - "Incidence of zygomycosis in transplant recipients."