Zygomycosis (Phycomycosis)

Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.

Also Known As:

Networked: 370 relevant articles (29 outcomes, 22 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Mycoses (Diseases, Fungus)
2.	Aspergillosis
3.	Fusariosis
4.	Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)
5.	Mucormycosis

Experts

1.	Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P: 11 articles (12/2011 - 04/2005)
2.	Walsh, Thomas J: 9 articles (09/2011 - 04/2005)
3.	Rickerts, V: 5 articles (06/2010 - 10/2001)
4.	Lortholary, Olivier: 4 articles (02/2013 - 04/2008)
5.	Dannaoui, Eric: 4 articles (06/2010 - 06/2002)
6.	Rinaldi, Michael G: 4 articles (04/2010 - 05/2002)
7.	Kontoyiannis, D P: 4 articles (10/2009 - 06/2000)
8.	Chamilos, Georgios: 4 articles (05/2009 - 04/2005)
9.	Lewis, Russell E: 4 articles (05/2009 - 04/2005)
10.	Edwards, John E: 4 articles (02/2009 - 02/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Zygomycosis:

1.	liposomal amphotericin BFDA Link 06/01/2008 - "[AMBIZYGO: phase II study of high dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) [10 mg/kg/j] efficacy against zygomycosis]." 12/01/2010 - "In conclusion, L-AMB was effective at a clinical dosage, and at the MTD the efficacy of L-AMB was equal or superior to that of D-AMB in a murine model of disseminated zygomycosis. " 02/01/2010 - "Our findings indicate that the use of liposomal amphotericin B as first-line treatment for patients diagnosed with zygomycoses merits further investigation, preferably in the form of a clinical trial." 11/01/2011 - "Surgical resection and liposomal amphotericin B to treat cavitary pulmonary zygomycosis in a patient with diabetes." 05/01/2010 - "Primary treatment of zygomycosis with liposomal amphotericin B: analysis of 28 cases."
2.	posaconazoleFDA Link 10/01/2006 - "On the basis of compassionate treatment data, posaconazole appears to be effective for treatment of zygomycosis. " 10/01/2010 - "Our findings showed that posaconazole could be useful in the treatment of zygomycosis. " 11/01/2008 - "Posaconazole as first line treatment for disseminated zygomycosis." 01/01/2013 - "In patients with extensive zygomycosis, a triple-antifungal regimen, combined with therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole, may be helpful." 01/01/2013 - "We describe the pharmacokinetics of oral posaconazole in a 2-year-old boy with rhino-cerebral-orbital zygomycosis. "
3.	Amphotericin B (Amphotericin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2014 - "Rapid treatment with amphotericin B and supportive care are essential in the care of individuals with zygomycosis. " 11/01/2012 - "The main antifungal drug used in the treatment of zygomycosis is amphotericin B. " 07/01/2012 - "These distinguishing radiologic and clinical features may contribute to an earlier diagnosis; more radical treatments, such as amphotericin-B or pulmonary resection; and a more successful outcome for patients with zygomycosis." 09/26/2010 - "Though from nasal exudates gained by the fibero-endoscopic sinus surgery Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomas aeruginosa was cultured, amphotericin-B was administered as the medical history, clinical picture suggested presence of zygomycosis. " 03/01/1981 - "An immunosuppressed patient had zygomycosis and was successfully treated with amphotericin B. "
4.	LipidsIBA 10/01/2009 - "Although there is a developing consensus that high doses of lipid formulations of AmB should be the antifungal therapy of choice for all patients with zygomycosis, until now there have been no data available with which to define the appropriate dose. " 12/01/2004 - "We conclude that high doses of lipid-based amphotericin B can be safe and effective as part of the treatment regimen for pulmonary zygomycosis." 12/01/2004 - "Lipid-based amphotericin in pulmonary zygomycosis: safety and efficacy of high exposure in a renal allograft recipient." 10/01/2009 - "Amphotericin B (AmB) lipid complex (ABLC) was clinically evaluated for efficacy against zygomycosis in a single series and resulted in cure or improvement in 52% and in the stabilizing of disease in 20% of patients. " 10/01/2009 - "Lipid formulations of amphotericin B as first-line treatment of zygomycosis."
5.	Itraconazole (Sporanox)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2007 - "Although Lipo-AMPH and itraconazole are comparatively effective for zygomycosis, progressive disseminated zygomycosis is extremely intractable. " 06/01/2019 - "An instance of excellent response of subcutaneous zygomycosis to itraconazole monotherapy." 01/01/1996 - "[Subcutaneous phycomycosis successfully treated with itraconazole]." 06/01/2002 - "The efficacy of itraconazole in these models of zygomycosis suggests that this drug, as well as the new azole compounds presently under development, warrants close evaluation." 04/01/2004 - "This patient was cured through the use of itraconazole alone and the literature on the utility of azole antifungals for zygomycosis is reviewed."
6.	AzolesIBA 06/01/2002 - "The efficacy of itraconazole in these models of zygomycosis suggests that this drug, as well as the new azole compounds presently under development, warrants close evaluation." 04/01/2004 - "This patient was cured through the use of itraconazole alone and the literature on the utility of azole antifungals for zygomycosis is reviewed." 01/01/1989 - "Treatment of experimental zygomycosis in guinea pigs with azoles and with amphotericin B." 04/01/2004 - "Complete resolution of pulmonary Rhizopus oryzae infection with itraconazole treatment: more evidence of the utility of azoles for zygomycosis." 06/01/2022 - "An electronic literature search was performed in PubMed using the keywords: Rhizopus, Mucorales, mucormycosis, zygomycosis, zygomycetes, COVID-19, the drugs (azoles, posaconazole, isavuconazole, amphotericin B pharmaceutical preparations and caspofungin), combination therapy, diagnosis and clinical manifestations. "
7.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 08/01/2011 - "Since the incidence of zygomycosis appears to have increased over the recent years, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of zygomycosis in case of any infection that is resistant to antibiotics." 09/01/1987 - "Gastrointestinal zygomycosis was diagnosed in 3 suckling pigs (10, 14, and 28 days old) with diarrhea that was unresponsive to treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. " 09/01/2012 - "The patient received wide spectrum antibiotics and was submitted to extensive debridement of the wound bed; transoperative biopsy revealed the presence of zygomycetes in the tissues and the diagnosis of primary cutaneous zygomycosis was made. " 09/01/2011 - "In fungal infections of immunosuppressive patients on broad-coverage antibiotics, foci of skin necrosis are unique and typical for zygomycoses, and may be helpful in this challenging diagnosis." 05/01/2004 - "Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) normally occurs among individuals with predisposing factors such as prematurity, use of broad spectrum antibiotics, metabolic acidosis or advanced stages of immunosuppression. "
8.	EchinocandinsIBA 08/01/2015 - "Echinocandins are not active against basidiomycetous yeasts, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichosporon, and Rhodotorula species, and zygomycosis. " 01/01/2008 - "These organisms are resistant to voriconazole and also to the echinocandins, and although zygomycosis is less commonly documented than invasive aspergillosis in leukaemic and HSCT patients, there are recent reports suggesting that it has increased in incidence since the introduction of voriconazole. " 11/01/2014 - "(2) Gastrointestinal zygomycosis occasionally leads to the development of necrotic ulcers and may induce hemorrhagic shock.(3) We should be cautious of an occurrence of breakthrough zygomycosis when we use echinocandins for patients with known risk factors, especially steroid use and neutropenia. " 02/01/2009 - "(2) Gastrointestinal zygomycosis occasionally leads to the development of necrotic ulcers and may induce hemorrhagic shock.(3) We should be cautious of an occurrence of breakthrough zygomycosis when we use echinocandins for patients with known risk factors, especially steroid use and neutropenia. " 12/01/2005 - "We report here on the unusual case of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia and zygomycosis unresponsive to monotherapy with liposomal amphotericin B, who responded favorably following the addition of the echinocandin caspofungin acetate."
9.	Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)IBA 02/01/1997 - "Disseminated zygomycosis in a neutropenic patient: successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor." 09/01/2011 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of posaconazole (PSC) in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a neutropaenic murine model of disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) due to Rhizopus microsporus. " 09/01/2011 - "Antifungal activity of posaconazole and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) in a neutropaenic murine model." 02/01/1997 - "We describe a neutropenic patient with disseminated zygomycosis that involved the lungs and kidneys and was successfully treated with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, followed by suppressive therapy with amphotericin B for 1 year. " 01/01/2007 - "We describe the case of a 10-year-old girl with aplastic anaemia and persistent neutropenia who developed cutaneous and subcutaneous zygomycosis of her right thigh that was successfully treated with extensive surgical debridement, intravenous liposomal amphotericin B, later changed to oral posaconazole for long-term suppressive therapy and granulocyte colony stimulating factor."
10.	ParaffinIBA 06/01/2010 - "Molecular detection and identification of zygomycetes species from paraffin-embedded tissues in a murine model of disseminated zygomycosis: a collaborative European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) evaluation." 10/15/2015 - "We present a case of zygomycosis of decubitus ulcers in which we assessed statistical measures of performance of frozen section analysis for presence of fungal organisms on the margin, compared with formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections as gold standard. " 01/01/2019 - "PCR and DNA sequencing using panfungal and oomycete primers with DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens successfully identified the pathogen in phaeohyphomycosis (7/18 cases, 39%), zygomycosis/pythiosis (1/32 cases, 3%), and other nonpigmented fungal infections (3/3 cases, 100%). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/1992 - "Awareness of the various presentations of pulmonary zygomycosis is important because early diagnosis and appropriate therapy clearly have been shown to improve the survival rate of these patients. " 06/01/2002 - "Efficacy of antifungal therapy in a nonneutropenic murine model of zygomycosis." 01/01/2007 - "In this limited study of contemporary therapies, patients with zygomycosis from a non-oncological tertiary care center have lower mortality than classically described. " 12/31/2020 - "There were significant relations between zygomycosis and the underlying disease (p = 0.043) and prior antifungal therapy (p = 0.023). " 01/01/2016 - "Invasive zygomycosis in immunocompromised patients results in a high mortality rate, and early identification is crucial to optimize therapy and to reduce morbidity. "
2.	Debridement 02/01/2021 - "Zygomycosis was suspected and specimens from the surgical debridement were examined by microbiological and histopathological studies for conforming the clinical diagnosis. " 11/01/2009 - "Zygomycosis was suspected and specimens from the surgical debridement were examined by microbiological and histopathological studies for confirming the clinical diagnosis. " 11/01/2012 - "The treatment of zygomycosis is multimodal and consists of surgical debridement, use of antifungal drugs, and reversal of underlying risk factors, when possible. " 04/01/2008 - "Because resection is a cornerstone of treatment for zygomycosis, the authors anticipate a growing need for plastic surgery involvement for both surgical debridement with limb and tissue-sparing procedures, and for reconstructive options that effectively treat the disease while preserving both function and esthetics. " 11/15/1985 - "Debridement and histologic examination led to a diagnosis of phycomycosis. "
3.	Salvage Therapy 02/01/2007 - "Posaconazole appears to be a well-tolerated and effective salvage treatment for zygomycosis, including disseminated disease." 02/01/2007 - "Posaconazole as salvage therapy in a patient with disseminated zygomycosis: case report and review of the literature." 04/01/2006 - "Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases." 01/01/2006 - "Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis." 01/01/2008 - "Studies of salvage therapy of zygomycosis with posaconazole have yielded promising results and there are additional case reports of successful outcomes using these and other antifungal drugs as combination therapy. "
4.	Induction Chemotherapy 06/01/2010 - "We report a patient who developed disseminated zygomycosis due to Rhizopus microsporus during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. " 03/01/2001 - "We report a case of a 28-year-old man with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed rhinocerebral zygomycosis during induction chemotherapy. " 12/01/2017 - "A 54-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) achieved complete remission by induction chemotherapy, but developed zygomycosis after consolidation therapy. " 01/01/2016 - "A 63-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukemia presented as acute appendicitis while receiving induction chemotherapy and ultimately succumbed to overwhelming disseminated zygomycosis. " 03/01/2007 - "A 21-year-old white male with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) developed an invasive Zygomycosis infection 3 weeks after beginning re-induction chemotherapy. "
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/01/2009 - "The increased incidence of zygomycosis most probably reflects a greater frequency of predisposing factors, such as higher numbers of patients undergoing HSCT and immunosuppressive chemotherapy. " 05/01/1995 - "A case of cutaneous zygomycosis caused by Absidia corymbifera in a leukemic patient submitted to chemotherapy is reported. " 09/01/1985 - "Zygomycosis is not often diagnosed in the United Kingdom, and so the possible importance of the findings in a patient with disseminated zygomycosis who had been treated with chemotherapy for erythroleukaemia was not appreciated until histological examination of specimens obtained at necropsy provided a presumptive diagnosis. " 02/01/2013 - "We report a fatal case of disseminated zygomycosis due to Cunninghamella bertholletiae in an acute myeloid leukemia patient without chemotherapy. " 12/01/2004 - "We report herein a case of primary cutaneous zygomycosis caused by Rhizopus oryzae in a 7-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving intensive chemotherapy. "