Epstein-Barr Virus Infections

Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).

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Networked: 1701 relevant articles (28 outcomes, 151 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Infection
3.	Infectious Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)
4.	Lymphoproliferative Disorders (Lymphoproliferative Disorder)
5.	Hairy Leukoplakia

Experts

1.	Takada, Kenzo: 22 articles (01/2013 - 03/2002)
2.	Kenney, Shannon C: 14 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
3.	Tsao, Sai Wah: 11 articles (09/2015 - 10/2005)
4.	Middeldorp, Jaap M: 10 articles (11/2015 - 01/2003)
5.	Delecluse, Henri-Jacques: 10 articles (01/2015 - 02/2004)
6.	Rickinson, Alan B: 9 articles (12/2015 - 02/2005)
7.	Zeng, Yi-Xin: 9 articles (09/2015 - 02/2002)
8.	Fukayama, Masashi: 9 articles (04/2015 - 05/2005)
9.	Kimura, Hiroshi: 9 articles (08/2013 - 11/2002)
10.	Murray, Paul G: 8 articles (02/2015 - 10/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Epstein-Barr Virus Infections:

1.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "However, prospective randomized controlled trials addressing the question of the effectiveness of acyclovir in patients with primary EBV infection and neurological complications are lacking." 05/01/1993 - "Such responses were reduced by pre-treating the LCL with acyclovir (ACV), a drug blocking productive EBV infection. " 08/01/1987 - "Acyclovir and immunoglobulin therapy can be of value in some patients with active EBV infection." 07/20/1982 - "These results lead us to predict that acyclovir will suppress, but not cure, EBV infection." 05/15/1999 - "We tested this paradigm by studying the effect of adding mofetil to a steroid-free protocol under cover of high-dose aciclovir prophylaxis on the number of acute rejections, EBV infections and PTLDs after kidney transplantation. "
2.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 01/01/1999 - "Although molecular studies showed no evidence of EBV genome in the biopsy material, the serologic profile with high IgM titers was suggestive of primary EBV infection. " 06/01/2013 - "The SeroMP Recombinant and Liaison assays both showed low IgM specificity, and crossreactivity was mainly observed in groups of patients with acute cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections. " 11/01/2008 - "In both patients, a primary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection had been suggested based on EBV presence in nasal secretions and a positive serology with anti-VCA immunoglobulin M. " 09/01/2005 - "In conclusion we believe that the best easiest method to detect EBV infection in immunocompromised patients is VCA IgM ELISA; a qualitative PCR alone is not sufficient for this evaluation." 01/01/2005 - "Based on serological data, the diagnosis of primary EBV infection was established for 24 of the 45 IgM VCA-positive patients. "
3.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 01/01/2013 - "34 patients and 31 controls had high titer of anti Haemophilus influenzae IgG and one patient had serologic evidence of a recent Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection. " 12/01/2011 - "We evaluated the value of IgG avidity determination in diagnosis of EBV infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. " 03/01/2011 - "Although there were limitations in some individual markers, especially CLIA-L for EBNA IgG, the systems evaluated appear to be useful for diagnosis of EBV infection." 11/01/2010 - "It succeeded to demarcate between the NPC-related EBV IgG seropositivity and that issued from the persistent, latent, or reactivated EBV infection in the population (P < .05). " 03/15/2008 - "Since the patient had a history of an increased level of anti-EBV immunoglobulin-G, this was explained by a reactivation of the EBV infection. "
4.	Ganciclovir (Cytovene)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1995 - "Pitfalls in diagnosis with EBV-PCR and the potential therapeutic efficacy of ganciclovir in EBV infections are discussed." 12/27/1998 - "Serial monitoring of EBV-PCR after pediatric OLT is recommended to decrease the risk of PTLD by allowing early detection of EBV infection, which is then managed by decreasing immunosuppression and continuing intravenous ganciclovir." 05/01/2005 - "The purposeful induction of the lytic form of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection combined with ganciclovir (GCV) treatment has been advocated as a novel strategy for EBV-positive B-cell lymphoma. " 02/01/2004 - "A novel therapy for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive tumors involves the intentional induction of the lytic form of EBV infection combined with ganciclovir (GCV) treatment. " 03/15/2002 - "Because the lytic but not latent form of EBV infection converts the cytotoxic prodrug, ganciclovir (GCV), into its active form, we examined whether the combination of GCV and chemotherapy is more effective than chemotherapy alone for killing EBV-positive tumor cells. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 08/01/2009 - "This study was to compare the levels of six anti-EBV antibodies in healthy natives of Zhongshan (a high-incidence area of NPC) with those in provisional migrants from foreign provinces (low-incidence areas of NPC), and to illustrate the relationship between EBV infection and the geographic distribution of NPC. " 01/01/2006 - "In this study we utilised Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from this patient to immortalise B-lymphocytes producing MCA1-reactive antibodies. " 04/01/1992 - "This study indicates that CsA, at moderate dosage, slightly reduces the titer of pre-existing anti-EBV antibodies but does not alter the response to recent EBV infection. " 01/01/2015 - "Thus, RA patients had elevated antibodies of all isotypes characteristic of latent EBV infection (whereas SLE patients had elevated antibodies characteristic of lytic EBV infection). " 01/01/2014 - "Antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) confirmed primary EBV infection. "
6.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 03/01/2014 - "The clinical manifestations, serologic study and a dynamic change of EBV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid with spontaneous recovery confirmed the diagnosis of EBV infection of the nervous system. " 10/01/2013 - "The present study suggested that plasmid DNA encoding EBV LMP2 multiepitope capable of stimulating enough cellular and humoral immunity could have potential for preventing or controlling EBV infection and EBV associated disease in mice." 02/01/2012 - "The aims of this study were to elucidate the kinetics of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load in serially collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with primary EBV infection, and to determine the correlated host factors. " 03/01/2007 - "The clinical manifestations, a serologic study, and a dynamic change of EBV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid with spontaneous recovery confirmed the diagnosis of EBV infection of the nervous system. " 02/01/2006 - "EBV infection has been associated with lupus through serological and DNA studies. "
7.	AntigensIBA 09/01/1986 - "With pretreatment for 24 h, both types of reIFNs were effective in suppressing the production of EBV specific nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) in BJAB cells 24 h after EBV-infection, as determined by the immunoblotting technique. " 03/01/2006 - "This study shows the potential for the use of peptide mimotopes as alternatives to the complex antigens used in current serodiagnostics for EBV infection." 01/01/2003 - "Serologic studies demonstrated EBV infection and specific EBV antigens were present on lymph node and metastatic sites. " 11/01/1998 - "Evidence for acute EBV infection was confirmed by serological studies and detection of specific EBV antigens on kidney biopsy. " 05/04/1998 - "In this study, we have used tetrameric major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes to directly visualize antigen-specific cluster of differentration (CD)8+ T cells during the primary immune response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans. "
8.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 06/01/1983 - "These studies suggest that suppressor cells induced during acute EBV infection not only suppress immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, but also interfere with in vivo antibody synthesis." 04/01/2014 - "Combination of immunoglobulins and natural killer cells in the context of CMV and EBV infection." 12/01/2013 - "EBV infection affects the B-cell phenotype in RA patients by increasing the CD25(+) subset and by inducing their immunoglobulin production. " 12/15/1999 - "Activation and targeting of immunoglobulin switch recombination by activities induced by EBV infection." 04/01/1991 - "Serologic diagnosis for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is problematic when patients receive exogenous immunoglobulin. "
9.	EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1IBA 01/01/2012 - "Analysis of EBNA-1 and LMP-1 variants in diseases associated with EBV infection in Chinese children." 11/01/2005 - "PAL is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with expression of EBV latent genes such as EBNA-2, LMP-1, together with EBNA-1. " 09/01/2005 - "EBV infection and its genotypes were determined by EBV-encoded RNAs in situ hybridization (EBER-ISH) and polymerase chain reactions for EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) and EBNA-3C. " 02/01/2016 - "In conclusion, LMP-1, LMP-2A, LMP-2B, EBNA-1 and EBNA-3A were upregulated in EBV-induced lymphoma cells, while EBNA-2, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C and EBNA-LP were absent in lymphocytes from humans with latent EBV infection, but were positively expressed in EBV-induced lymphoma cells. " 05/01/2000 - "EBV infection in PEL displays a latency I phenotype and fails to associate with specific EBNA-1 variants, suggesting that the role of EBV in PEL is not mediated by the major transforming pathways currently known in EBV positive lymphomas."
10.	Interleukin-10 (Interleukin 10)IBA 09/15/2001 - "These data suggest that the IL-10 ATA haplotype confers protection against primary EBV infection and that the effect is mediated by high IL-10 levels." 01/01/2012 - "IL-10 rs1800871 (TC/CC) was associated with a reduced BC risk (OR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.55-1.00]) but had no interaction with EBV infection on BC risk. " 04/01/2008 - "EBV encodes an interleukin-10 (IL-10) homolog and modulates cellular IL-10 expression; however, the role of IL-10 in the establishment and/or maintenance of chronic EBV infection remains unclear. " 12/01/2003 - "Polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to EBV infection. " 08/01/1999 - "Because this allele is associated with a high IL-10-producing capability, these data suggest that high IL-10 levels protect against EBV infection and, conversely, that low IL-10-producing capability makes individuals more susceptible to a severe EBV infection."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 11/01/2012 - "No clinically apparent PTLD has developed in the 140 recipients, suggesting that our program of EBV control by molecular EBV monitoring coupled with lymphocyte phenotype analyses is effective in controlling EBV infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients." 06/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to detect the frequency, time of occurrence, management and outcome of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and related complications in pediatric renal transplant recipients. " 12/01/2012 - "This study suggests an association between transfusions and posttransplant EBV infection in HSC transplant recipients." 07/27/2002 - "This study was undertaken to monitor persistent EBV infection in transplant recipients, to compare EBV load and gene expression in healthy individuals and EBV-associated diseases, and to highlight differences in PTLD that could be used to define those at risk of the disease. " 08/10/1999 - "Clinical trials have also reported promising data for the use of adoptive immunotherapy to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 08/01/1999 - "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possibility of similar correlation between bcl-2 expression and EBV infection in vivo in a cohort of patients with aggressive NHL, who were uniformly evaluated and treated with effective chemotherapy. " 03/01/2014 - "The disease is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and has an aggressive clinical course, poor clinical outcome and high resistance to chemotherapy. " 05/01/2007 - "The child quickly developed a symptomatic EBV infection concurrent with immunosuppressant drug therapy. " 04/01/1989 - "These defective killer cell activities may allow EBV-infections to enter a severe, fulminant or persistently active state in the patients with ALL receiving aggressive maintenance chemotherapy." 01/01/1989 - "Finally, treatment regimens with antiviral chemotherapy and other agents are discussed for both VZV and EBV infections."
3.	Immunotherapy 11/01/1999 - "Immunotherapy using ex vivo expanded, virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been explored and proven to be effective in therapeutic or prophylactic regimens for CMV and EBV infections. " 03/01/1989 - "Our observations suggest that LAK cells may be very effective for immunotherapy in patients with chronic or progressive EBV infections and EBV-induced lymphoproliferative diseases." 11/01/2015 - "In conclusion, EBV infection can modify important biological features of NPC cells, rendering them more vulnerable to both immunotherapy and targeted therapy. " 02/01/1997 - "This review summarizes immunotherapy using EBV-specific CTL for the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and for a patient with severe chronic active EBV infection. " 09/01/2008 - "In patients with immunodeficiency, the nature of EBV infection in the malignant cell determines the pattern of antigen expression and the associated presence of targets for cellular immunotherapy. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 01/01/2011 - "We present a case of a 24-year-old woman with EBV-associated PTLD following lung transplant where decreasing the immunosuppression improved PTLD but was ineffective against controlling the EBV infection. " 12/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of posttransplant EBV infection and its association with administration of blood products in children receiving a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) graft. " 04/01/2010 - "This study demonstrates EBV infection is a major complication in post-transplant lymphoproliferative patients. " 09/01/2005 - "In this study we examined the incidence and serologic status of EBV infection in 116 renal transplant patients including 84 males and 32 females as well as 72 normal volunteers. " 08/01/2001 - "Recent studies have suggested that quantitative assessment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in transplant patients might help to identify those at risk of developing PTLD. "
5.	Liver Transplantation 03/01/2007 - "We aimed to study EBV infection in the long-term after paediatric liver transplantation (OLT). " 11/08/2015 - "EBV infection is the high risk factor for PTLD after liver transplantation. " 08/01/2014 - "EBV infection is the high risk factor for PTLD after liver transplantation. " 11/01/2011 - "The FISH assay enabled us to characterize EBV-infected cells and perform a quantitative analysis in patients with EBV infection after stem cell/liver transplantation." 04/01/2002 - "From March 1999 to April 2000, the EBV genome load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) was measured serially in a total of 15 recipients of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) who had a symptomatic EBV infection. "