Xanthine

A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Networked: 741 relevant articles (27 outcomes, 63 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Chen, Ing-Jun: 5 articles (01/2015 - 03/2010)
2.	Wu, Bin-Nan: 4 articles (05/2014 - 03/2010)
3.	Martin, Richard J: 4 articles (01/2013 - 07/2004)
4.	Yeh, Jwu-Lai: 3 articles (01/2015 - 03/2010)
5.	Dai, Zen-Kong: 3 articles (05/2014 - 03/2010)
6.	Dua, Pooja: 3 articles (07/2008 - 08/2006)
7.	Gude, Rajiv P: 3 articles (07/2008 - 08/2006)
8.	Marinello, E: 3 articles (06/2008 - 02/2001)
9.	Takahashi, S: 3 articles (10/2005 - 01/2000)
10.	Yamamoto, T: 3 articles (10/2005 - 01/2000)

Related Diseases

1.	Asthma (Bronchial Asthma) 08/01/1998 - "It is concluded that study of xanthine derivatives in asthmatics might help the development of asthma therapy. " 04/01/2006 - "Pediatricians and family physicians appeared to share similar opinions on the medical management of children with asthma in that both most commonly prescribed oral beta2-agonists and xanthine derivatives, either alone or in combination. " 11/01/1994 - "Long-term xanthine therapy of asthma. " 03/01/1985 - "Bronchodilator actions of xanthine derivatives administered by inhalation in asthma." 05/01/1977 - "Oral administration of xanthine compounds represents the first line of therapy in most patients with asthma. "
2.	Ischemia 12/01/1991 - "The possibility that this ischemia and reperfusion-induced damage can be reduced by preischemic application of a xanthine derivative (pentoxiphylline) was examined using 31P NMR spectroscopy and electron microscopy (EM) studies of bioenergetic and ultrastructural changes in oxygenated erythrocyte-perfused rat livers. " 04/27/2002 - "Preconditioning reduced xanthine accumulation and conversion of XDH to XOD in liver during sustained ischemia. " 10/01/1993 - "Xanthine was the only biochemical where an increase appeared to correlate with ischemia duration while energy charge was of no value in indicating injury extent. " 02/01/1989 - "Xanthine level was still high 8 hours after ischemia and then rapidly decreased to the normal value at day 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 02/01/1989 - "In the ischemic hemisphere, xanthine increased up to 57.7 +/- 5.2 nmol/g tissue 2 hours after MCA occlusion and reached a maximum value of 59.42 +/- 4.91 nmol/g tissue 4 hours following the induction of ischemia. "
3.	Reperfusion Injury 10/01/2011 - "It has become apparent that XOR possesses multi-functional enzymatic activities outside the realm of xanthine metabolism and a small but significant literature also established a compelling functional association between administered sodium nitrite, XOR activation, and pharmacologically characterized NO transductive effects in positive cardiovascular function enhanced pulmonary perfusion, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury and hypoxic damage and oxidative stress. " 08/01/1989 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible involvement of xanthine and xanthine oxidase in reperfusion injury in a low-flow, reflow model of liver perfusion. " 02/01/1998 - "However, this role for human XO is disputed due to its distinctive lack of activity towards xanthine, and the failure of allopurinol to suppress reperfusion injury. " 11/01/1988 - "Role of myocardial hypoxanthine and xanthine in free radical-mediated reperfusion injury." 02/01/1989 - "Xanthine and hypoxanthine accumulation during storage may contribute to reperfusion injury following liver transplantation in the rat."
4.	Lung Injury 04/27/2002 - "Preconditioning, by blocking the xanthine/XOD pathway for ROS generation, would confer protection against the liver and lung injuries induced by hepatic I/R." 12/01/1999 - "This study was designed to clarify the role of intrapulmonary neutrophils in the development of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO)-induced lung injury in isolated buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. " 04/01/1995 - "Moreover, we determined the salutary effects of HWA 138, a new xanthine derivative, against endotoxin-related lung injury. " 01/01/1989 - "In the present study, the possible protective effects were examined of an analogue of pentoxifylline, HWA-138, a xanthine derivative, on lung injury in septic guinea-pigs. " 06/01/1994 - "We investigated the role of free radicals, especially from activated neutrophils, in acute xanthine and xanthine oxidase-induced lung injury in rats. "
5.	Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia) 10/01/1992 - "The xanthine derivative propentofylline (HWA 285) has been reported to show protective effects against neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia. " 03/01/1992 - "The xanthine derivative propentofylline (HWA 285) has been reported to show protective effects against neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia. " 09/01/1989 - "The possible involvement of the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system in initiating free radical reactions in cerebral ischemia is also discussed." 12/01/1988 - "Changes of the xanthine and uric acid (UA) levels in rat forebrain following focal cerebral ischemia were studied by reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. " 09/24/1991 - "Previous studies have demonstrated that the xanthine compound, propentofylline, has beneficial effects in models of cerebral ischemia and can enhance some and exhibit other effects of adenosine. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Xanthine Oxidase
2.	Pentoxifylline (Trental)
3.	Theophylline (Theon)
4.	Hypoxanthine
5.	Adenosine
6.	Reactive Oxygen Species (Oxygen Radicals)
7.	propentofylline
8.	enprofylline
9.	Uric Acid (Urate)
10.	Inosine

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Kampo Medicine (Kampo)
2.	Transplants (Transplant)
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients)
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
5.	Ligation