2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate)

A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508)

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Networked: 398 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 26 trials/studies)

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Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	de Korte, Dirk: 2 articles (07/2015 - 06/2008)
2.	Acker, Jason P: 2 articles (05/2015 - 10/2014)
3.	Kaminsky, Yury G: 2 articles (02/2014 - 01/2013)
4.	Aliev, Gjumrakch: 2 articles (02/2014 - 01/2013)
5.	Reddy, V Prakash: 2 articles (02/2014 - 01/2013)
6.	Kosenko, Elena A: 2 articles (02/2014 - 01/2013)
7.	Carreras, José: 2 articles (03/2011 - 01/2004)
8.	Climent, Fernando: 2 articles (03/2011 - 01/2004)
9.	Detry, Bruno: 2 articles (12/2008 - 11/2002)
10.	Aydoğan, S: 1 article (08/2015)

Related Diseases

1.	Anoxia (Hypoxia) 10/01/1995 - "2,3-Diphosphoglycerate was induced only during the recovery phase of the study and corresponded to a gradual response to hypoxia. " 02/01/2011 - "The considerable rise of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate suggests tissue hypoxia. " 04/06/2007 - "The allostery-dependent interaction of Hb with BIII appeared to contribute not only to maintenance of energy charge but also to further synthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which could help sustain stabilization of T-state Hb during hypoxia. " 10/01/2004 - "Higher 2,3-DPG levels could partly explain this decreased sensitivity of the EPO response to hypoxia. " 04/01/2000 - "Red cell 2,3-DPG rose from baseline a value of 5.0+/-0.8 to 5.9+/-0.7 mmol x L(-1) (P < 0.05) after the first day in continuous hypoxia and from 5.2+/-0.7 mmol x L(-1) to 6.1+/-0.5 mmol x L(-1) on day 3 (P < 0.05) during intermittent hypoxia. "
2.	Hemolysis 07/01/1978 - "Physiologic features of hemolysis axxociated with altered cation and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content." 06/01/1977 - "Pediatrics, 59:1027-1031, 1977 PHOTOTHERAPY, 2,3-DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE, HEMOLYSIS, NEWBORN INFANT." 04/15/1986 - "We have concluded that during intravascular hemolysis 2,3-DPG release may be a key component in preventing and/or inducing thrombosis." 12/01/1983 - "The absence of anemia despite hemolysis may be explained by the low 2,3-DPG levels. " 04/01/1980 - "The paradox of mild erythrocytosis despite hemolysis reflects the decreased production of 2,3-DPG."
3.	Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 01/01/1990 - "48 simultaneous arterial and venous blood samples from 15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were evaluated for calculated p50 and measured and calculated 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration. " 01/01/1977 - "2,3-DPG and P50 were measured in 23 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. " 01/01/1971 - "[Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content in chronic obstructive lung disease]." 12/01/1987 - "The erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was studied in patients with liver diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in normal subjects. " 01/01/1988 - "In vivo study, after administration of pentoxifylline 300 mg per day orally for 4 weeks to seven patients with COPD, P50 increased significantly from 29.0 +/- 0.6 to 30.4 +/- 0.6 Torr (p less than 0.05) and 2,3-DPG increased slightly from 11.67 +/- 0.56 to 14.33 +/- 1.12 mumol/gHb (p less than 0.1). "
4.	Anemia 09/01/1997 - "The right-shifted p50 from whole blood can be easily explained by the mild anemia with a parallel increase of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), whereas the functional discrepancies between whole blood function and that of the purified Hb-S and C could be due, at least in part, to the presence in vivo of consistent amounts of hybrid Hb tetramers of the type alpha alpha beta S beta C. " 09/01/1992 - "Erythrocyte concentrations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) were significantly increased in anemic animals and showed a close correlation to the degree of anemia. " 02/01/1992 - "The level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate of the red cells increased with the degree of anemia." 07/01/1991 - "In less severe anemia there was more active utilization in glycolysis of 2,3-DPG and ATR in the presence of manifest oxidation of intraerythrocytic medium typical for Root effect predominance. " 01/01/1991 - "The slight increase observed in the P50 of whole blood is not intrinsic to the beta 139 substitution, but is thought to result from an increased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level in response to anemia. "
5.	Acidosis 12/01/1988 - "These metabolic changes include a deprivation of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), acidosis and hyperkalemia. " 01/01/1977 - "hypophosphatemia and acidosis which lower the concentration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. " 11/01/1972 - "Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and intracellular arterial pH in acidosis and alkalosis." 01/01/1992 - "There was a drop in 2,3-DPG level intraoperatively, which was due to the use of stored donor blood for blood loss compensation and to mounting metabolic acidosis (lactate acidosis included) and gaseous acidosis." 01/01/1986 - "During severe lactacidosis and HCL-induced acidosis a decrease in 2,3-DPG due to an inhibition of 2,3-DPGmutase and other glycolytic enzymes can be found. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Oxygen
2.	purine
3.	Phosphates
4.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)
5.	Hemoglobins (Hemoglobin)
6.	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
7.	Glucose (Dextrose)
8.	Potassium
9.	Oxyhemoglobins (Oxyhemoglobin)
10.	Methemoglobin

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis)
2.	Splenectomy
3.	Total Parenteral Nutrition
4.	Dilatation and Curettage (D&C)
5.	Blood Transfusion (Blood Transfusions)